Convicts

Transportation and what it built. About one hundred and sixty-two thousand convicts arrived between 1788 and 1868, and eleven of the places that held them are inscribed as World Heritage. Barracks, cells, leg irons, work gangs, probation stations and the paperwork of a system that ran for eighty years.

Part of Australia

122 moments in this segment.

  1. - The prison hulk Justitia at Woolwich. Convicts labour on the shore at Woolwich Warren with the 260 ton hulk Justitia moored in the Thames behind them. The hulks filled up after the American War of Independence closed off transportation to the former colonies, leaving Britain with sentenced prisoners and nowhere to send them. Botany Bay was the answer to that backlog.
  2. - List of female convicts on the Lady Penrhyn. A manuscript roll of the women carried aboard the Lady Penrhyn, compiled around 1790 by Arthur Bowes Smyth, the ship's surgeon. The Lady Penrhyn sailed with the First Fleet in May 1787 carrying only women prisoners. Names on lists like this are often the only surviving record of a transported person.
  3. - A First Fleet convict list. A handwritten list of prisoners from the papers of the surgeon Arthur Bowes Smyth, held by the State Library of New South Wales. About 162,000 convicts were transported to the Australian colonies across the whole period of transportation. Roughly 1,400 people sailed with the First Fleet, of whom about half were convicts.
  4. - The Friendship transport, 13 May 1787. A list of prisoners aboard the Friendship dated the day the First Fleet sailed from Portsmouth. The voyage to Botany Bay took just over eight months. Compared with later mass transportations, First Fleet mortality was low, which the officers attributed to their own provisioning.
  5. - Women received from the Charlotte. A receipt list of female convicts transferred from the transport Charlotte. Women were about fifteen per cent of all convicts sent to the Australian colonies. The paperwork treated them as consignments to be signed for.
  6. - Weather journal of HMS Sirius. A daily noon weather record kept aboard the fleet's flagship. Sirius was the naval escort for the transports and the colony's link to the outside world. She was wrecked off Norfolk Island in March 1790, stranding the settlement's supply line.
  7. - Arrived in Botany Bay, January 1788. A note written inside a journal cover recording arrival at Botany Bay on 20 January 1788. The fleet found the bay unsuitable and moved north to Port Jackson within days. The colony's founding date is taken from the landing there on 26 January.
  8. - Lieutenant Ball signs at Sydney Cove. A document signed by Henry Lidgbird Ball aboard HMS Supply at Sydney Cove in April 1788, ten weeks after the landing. Supply was the smallest ship of the fleet and the fastest. Ball took her to Norfolk Island in February 1788 to plant a second settlement there.
  9. - An account of Port Jackson timber. Notes inserted into a First Fleet journal assessing the local timbers and what each was good for. Building the settlement depended on answering questions like this by trial. Much early construction failed because the assessments were wrong.
  10. - The First Fleet at Botany Bay. An engraving by T. Medland after a drawing by R. Cleveley, published in Arthur Phillip's account of the voyage. Aboriginal people watch from canoes in the foreground as the ships come in, with Bare Island and Cape Solander behind. The image is a British publication's version of the arrival, drawn for readers in London.
  11. - Charles Gore paints Botany Bay. A watercolour of the bay made about 1789, held by the State Library of New South Wales. The wide low shoreline was what the fleet rejected: poor soil, no reliable fresh water, exposed anchorage. The settlement went to Sydney Cove instead.
  12. - Losses in the wreck of the Sirius. An inventory of what went down when HMS Sirius struck the reef at Norfolk Island in March 1790. The loss came during the colony's worst period of shortage, before the arrival of the Second Fleet. Rations at Sydney Cove had already been cut.
  13. - Richard Dry, transported after 1798. A portrait of Richard Dry, sentenced to transportation following the Irish rising of 1798 as a supporter of Lord Edward Fitzgerald. Political prisoners from Ireland formed a distinct group among the transported. His son became the first native born premier of Tasmania.
  14. - Government gaol gang, Sydney. Augustus Earle's view of a chained government gaol gang, published in his Australian scrap book in 1830. Iron gangs were the punishment tier for convicts who reoffended in the colony. Earle travelled widely and drew what he saw, which makes his plates unusual among period images.
  15. - Convicts in New South Wales. A lithograph after Augustus Earle, printed in London by Charles Joseph Hullmandel and published by J. Cross in 1830. The plate circulated an image of colonial convict labour to a British audience that had sentenced the men in it. The original is held by the State Library of New South Wales.
  16. - Plan of the Norfolk Island barracks. A coloured plan dated 31 March 1838, marking out the wards of the prisoner barracks including an invalid ward and a boys' ward. The second Norfolk Island settlement, running from 1825, was deliberately built as the harshest destination in the system. The plan is held by State Records New South Wales.
  17. - Commandant Charles O'Hara Booth. Thomas James Lempriere painted the Port Arthur commandant around 1840. Booth was appointed in March 1833 with authority over every station on the Tasman Peninsula, and laid out the township, the harbour works and the semaphore line. From 1840 his jurisdiction narrowed to Port Arthur and the boys' establishment at Point Puer.
  18. - A conduct register entry. A detail from the Van Diemen's Land conduct register for George Jones, held by the Tasmanian Archives. Registers under the assignment system recorded every offence, punishment and reassignment across a sentence. They are now the main genealogical route back to individual convicts.
  19. - Conrad Martens paints Government House. Conrad Martens made this oil painting in 1842, held by the State Library of New South Wales. Martens had arrived in Sydney in 1835 after sailing as artist aboard the Beagle. His view presents the seat of colonial authority as landscape rather than as administration.
  20. - John Hall of Dublin, died 1843. A headstone for John Hall, native of the city of Dublin, who died on 9 September 1843 aged 24. Norfolk Island in the 1840s held men sent as a further punishment after reoffending in New South Wales or Van Diemen's Land. Few of the dead have stones at all.
  21. - The Cascades Female Factory in 1844. John Skinner Prout's hand coloured lithograph shows the female factory in Hobart from Proctor's Quarry. Women sentenced to the factory worked in laundry and needlework under a class system that governed food, contact with children and the possibility of release. The site is one of the eleven Australian Convict Sites inscribed as World Heritage.
  22. - A convict love token. A copper disc filed smooth from a 1797 penny and engraved by hand, in the National Museum of Australia. Thomas Lock was sentenced to ten years transportation in 1845 for highway robbery and stealing, and made or commissioned this before he sailed. Tokens like it were left with families who would almost certainly never see the sender again.
  23. - Port Arthur in 1845. John Skinner Prout's pencil and watercolour view of the settlement, held by the State Library of New South Wales. By 1845 Port Arthur was a working industrial site with shipyards, a flour mill and a timber trade, all run on convict labour. It operated from 1830 until 1877.
  24. - Forged notes in an 1845 arrest file. Fraudulent banknotes kept as evidence after the arrest of the labourer Timothy O'Meara on 3 May 1845. He told authorities he needed the money to buy a rifle. Property offences of this kind account for the large majority of transportation sentences.
  25. - A murdered overseer, 1846. The stone of Stephen Smith, a free overseer at Norfolk Island and a native of Dublin, aged 40, recorded as barbarously murdered by a body of prisoners on 1 July 1846. The killing came during the period of the second settlement's worst violence. The wording is the administration's account, cut in stone.
  26. - Convicts push the Port Arthur tramway. A painting of about 1852 showing prisoners pushing passenger carts along the tramway, made in 1855 by Godfrey Charles Mundy or his wife Louisa and published in Mundy's book Our Antipodes. There was no locomotive: the men were the engine. John Watt Beattie photographed the painting decades later and added the caption.
  27. - A convict artist paints Mary Tame. Charles Henry Theodore Costantini, born in France in 1803, painted this portrait of Mary Tame during his years in the Tasmanian colony. He was himself a transported convict and worked as an artist there from the 1820s until his death in 1860. Convict artists produced a substantial share of the surviving colonial portraits.
  28. - Darlington probation station. The station on Maria Island photographed around 1870, from a collection assembled by E. R. Pretyman. Under the probation system introduced in the 1840s, convicts served a fixed term of gang labour before becoming eligible for a pass. Darlington later became a cement works and then a national park.
  29. - The separate chapel at Port Arthur. An albumen print by the Anson Brothers, made between 1875 and 1885, showing the chapel of the separate prison with its individual partitioned stalls. Prisoners under the separate system could attend a service without seeing one another. Silence and isolation replaced flogging as the primary instrument.
  30. - Penitentiary corridors, Port Arthur. The Anson Brothers photographed the cell corridors of the penitentiary in the decade the settlement closed. The building had begun as a flour mill and granary before conversion. Their series Views in Tasmania is held by the State Library of New South Wales.
  31. - The penitentiary below Mount Arthur. The long penitentiary building set against the hill, in an albumen print from the Anson Brothers series. Port Arthur closed as a penal settlement in 1877 and its buildings were sold off and burned in bushfires soon after. The photographers were recording a place already becoming a ruin.
  32. - The guard tower in 1907. The round guard tower photographed thirty years after the settlement closed. By then the site had been renamed Carnarvon in an attempt to shed the association, and locals were selling relics to visitors. The convict name was restored in the twentieth century when the history became the attraction.
  33. - The Fremantle prison printery. Prisoners at work in the printing shop, photographed by Beste and Jaggs in August 1909. Convicts had built the prison itself in the 1850s out of limestone quarried on the site. It remained in use as a maximum security prison until 1991.
  34. - Ruins in the Weekly Times, 1919. A newspaper feature of 27 December 1919 headed Ruins Of The Old Penal Settlement At Port Arthur. Convict ancestry was a source of shame for generations, and the ruins were read as a scandal rather than a heritage. The reversal in that attitude took most of the following century.
  35. - Norfolk Island, 1950's -- Film 4761. 162,000 convicts were transported to Australia on roughly 806 ships, the traffic ending in 1868. The footage depicts events of 1950. Filed as a convict era record, from footage of 1950 held by HuntleyFilmArchives.
  36. - Ruins at the coal mines. Brick and stone remains among regrowth at the Tasman Peninsula site. Men worked underground in shafts cut without ventilation or proper shoring. The site is one of the eleven inscribed Australian Convict Sites.
  37. - Old Government House, Parramatta. Governor Hunter built this house in 1799 to replace Phillip's 1790 building, and Macquarie extended it in 1818. It is the oldest surviving public building in Australia according to its World Heritage nomination. Convict labour and convict made brick built it.
  38. - Hyde Park Barracks, Sydney. Francis Greenway designed the barracks on Macquarie Street, built between 1817 and 1819 with convict labour to house convict men. Greenway had himself been transported for forgery. The building later became an immigration depot and an asylum before becoming a museum.
  39. - Plan of the main cell block. A plan of the Fremantle main cell block with the original limestone walls picked out in yellow. The convict era fabric is still legible inside the later prison. Mapping which walls are which is how the heritage listing was argued.
  40. - A convict gang carving near Parramatta Road. A rock carving cut by a convict work gang, probably around 1829, a short distance from where the Great North Road begins at Parramatta Road. Marks like this are the closest thing to signatures the gangs left. The setting is now suburban Sydney.
  41. - Stage 2: A Convict without Socks. 162,000 convicts were transported to Australia on roughly 806 ships, the traffic ending in 1868. Filed as a convict era record, posted by Museums of History NSW in 2007.
  42. - Inside the Cascades yard walls. What remains of one of the yards at the Hobart site, seen from inside the sandstone wall. Most of the buildings were demolished; the enclosure is largely what survives. Infant mortality inside the factory was severe and is part of why the place is now interpreted as it is.
  43. - Tunnels under Cockatoo Island. Passages cut into the sandstone of the island in Sydney Harbour. Convicts quarried the island from 1839 and cut grain silos into the rock. The island later became a naval dockyard and is now part of the World Heritage convict listing.
  44. - Sutherland Dock, Cockatoo Island. The dry dock cut into the island, begun by convict labour and finished after the penal function ended. Cockatoo Island built and repaired ships into the 1990s. Its convict layer sits underneath an industrial one.
  45. - Study investigates convict history. (Australia) and concerning Tasmania. About 162,000 convicts were transported to Australia on roughly 806 ships, the traffic ending in 1868. Filed as a convict era record, posted by ABC News (Australia) in 2011.
  46. - Convict sketchbook given UNESCO listing. (Australia). About 162,000 convicts were transported to Australia on roughly 806 ships, the traffic ending in 1868. Filed as a convict era record, posted by ABC News (Australia) in 2011.
  47. - The unconsecrated convict church. Convicts built this church at Port Arthur but it was never consecrated, and several denominations shared it. Attendance at service was compulsory for prisoners. Fire gutted the building in 1884 and it has stood open to the weather since.
  48. - Norfolk Bay convict station. The station stands on the route to the coal mines, built of the soft handmade bricks the convict works produced. It has since been run as a motel. Reuse of convict buildings for ordinary commercial purposes is common across Tasmania.
  49. - The coal mines punishment station. Opened in 1833 as a place of punishment for the worst behaved prisoners on the peninsula, the mine was badly run and never profitable. It was sold to private operators in 1848 and closed within ten years. Most of the buildings were pulled down or destroyed afterwards.
  50. - The cemetery at Kingston. A general view across the burial ground looking back to the entrance. Convicts, soldiers, officials and later Pitcairn settlers lie in the same ground. The Kingston and Arthur's Vale historic area is one of the eleven Australian Convict Sites on the World Heritage List.
  51. - Beach beyond the burial ground. The shoreline seen past the graves at Kingston. The island's isolation was the point of the settlement, a place with no possibility of escape by land. The penal station closed in 1855 and Pitcairn Islanders were resettled here the following year.
  52. - Convict artefacts uncovered. (Australia) and concerning Tasmania. About 162,000 convicts were transported to Australia on roughly 806 ships, the traffic ending in 1868. Filed as a convict era record, posted by ABC News (Australia) in 2011.
  53. - Little G - Invasion Day. 26 January marks the First Fleet landing at Port Jackson and is named Invasion Day and Survival Day by many Aboriginal people. Filed as a convict era record, posted by AboriginalRap in 2012.
  54. - Hammocks in the barracks dormitory. A close view of the slung hammocks reinstated in the upper dormitory. Men were quartered here at night and marched out to government work by day. Excavation under the floors recovered thousands of objects lost through the boards, which now anchor the site's interpretation.
  55. - Upper floor of the barracks. The long open dormitory floor at Hyde Park Barracks. Macquarie built it to bring convicts under supervision at night rather than leaving them to find their own lodging. It is one of the eleven World Heritage listed convict sites.
  56. - Names on the Great Irish Famine monument. A detail of the Australian Monument to the Great Irish Famine set into the wall at Hyde Park Barracks, carrying the names of young women sent out from Irish workhouses. About 4,000 orphan girls arrived in the colonies under the Earl Grey scheme between 1848 and 1850. The barracks served as their receiving depot.
  57. - Bowl and spoon on the Famine monument. Cast objects of everyday use built into the memorial wall at the barracks in Sydney. The monument was designed to be read from both sides of the wall, one face for the departure and one for the arrival. Its subject is emigration under compulsion rather than transportation under sentence.
  58. - Church ruins at Point Puer. What is left of the church at Point Puer across the water from the main settlement. Point Puer held boys, some as young as nine, sentenced to transportation and separated from adult prisoners. It operated from 1834 to 1849 and was the first purpose built juvenile reformatory in the British Empire, according to the site's own interpretation.
  59. - Replacing the hammocks at the Hyde Park Barracks Museum. 162,000 convicts were transported to Australia on roughly 806 ships, the traffic ending in 1868. Filed as a convict era record, posted by Museums of History NSW in 2014.
  60. - ALWAYS WAS, ALWAYS WILL BE ABORIGINAL LAND : RALLIES ACROSS AUSTRALIA ON SURVIVAL DAY 2015. 26 January marks the First Fleet landing at Port Jackson and is named Invasion Day and Survival Day by many Aboriginal people. Filed as a convict era record, posted by NITV in 2015.
  61. - The penitentiary shell. The main penitentiary block, roofless, at the Port Arthur Historic Site. Australia's eleven convict sites were inscribed on the World Heritage List together as a single serial property. They range from Fremantle in the west to Kingston on Norfolk Island.
  62. - Rain pools among the ruins. Prison buildings reflected in standing water after rain on the Tasman Peninsula. Transportation to Van Diemen's Land ended in 1853, though Port Arthur held prisoners for another quarter century. The last convict ship to Western Australia arrived in 1868.
  63. - The memorial garden at the Broad Arrow. The stone shell in this garden was the Broad Arrow cafe, where much of the killing of 28 April 1996 took place. Thirty five people were killed and twenty one wounded. The attack led directly to the National Firearms Agreement later that year.
  64. - Solitary confinement cell, Fremantle. A punishment cell in the Fremantle prison complex. Western Australia asked for convicts in 1849, after the eastern colonies had begun refusing them, because the settlement was short of labour. The last convict ship arrived in 1868, ending transportation to Australia.
  65. - The flogging post. The whipping frame preserved inside the prison. Corporal punishment persisted in Western Australian prisons long after it had been curtailed elsewhere. The site is one of the eleven Australian Convict Sites on the World Heritage List.
  66. - Broken glass on the yard wall. Bottle glass set into the top of a division yard wall to stop prisoners climbing out. The prison held convicts, then colonial prisoners, then state prisoners, without a break in function for over 130 years. It closed in 1991 after a riot in 1988.
  67. - Guard tower from the exercise yard. Looking up at the tower from inside the yard, the view a prisoner would have had. The limestone came out of the ground the prison stands on. Convict labour quarried it and cut it.
  68. - Women & children – The Voyage (convict transportation to Australia). ), published by Australian National Maritime Museum. About 162,000 convicts were transported to Australia on roughly 806 ships, the traffic ending in 1868. Filed as a convict era record, posted by Australian National Maritime Museum in 2015.
  69. - The Historians – The Voyage (convict transportation to Australia). ), published by Australian National Maritime Museum. About 162,000 convicts were transported to Australia on roughly 806 ships, the traffic ending in 1868. Filed as a convict era record, posted by Australian National Maritime Museum in 2015.
  70. - Convict descendants – The Voyage (convict transportation to Australia). ), published by Australian National Maritime Museum. About 162,000 convicts were transported to Australia on roughly 806 ships, the traffic ending in 1868. Filed as a convict era record, posted by Australian National Maritime Museum in 2015.
  71. - Defining Moments: Convict tokens. 162,000 convicts were transported to Australia on roughly 806 ships, the traffic ending in 1868. Filed as a convict era record, posted by National Museum of Australia in 2016.
  72. - Author Tom Keneally on the end of convict transportation. 162,000 convicts were transported to Australia on roughly 806 ships, the traffic ending in 1868. Filed as a convict era record, posted by National Museum of Australia in 2016.
  73. - The Port Arthur site today. A wide view across the settlement grounds. The site is managed as an open air museum and receives several hundred thousand visitors a year. Its modern history also includes the 1996 massacre, which is memorialised separately on the grounds.
  74. - The Government House kitchen. The kitchen at Parramatta, kept separate from the main house as fire precaution and as social separation. The domestic staff were assigned convicts. The house is part of the serial World Heritage inscription covering Australian convict sites.
  75. - Toolmarks on the Great North Road. Cut stone in the embankment at Mount McQuoid near Bucketty, photographed close. Archaeologists have used the recurring tool patterns, attributable to individual stonecutters, to estimate the size of the iron gangs that built the road. The men worked in chains.
  76. - The embankment at Mount McQuoid. A dry stone retaining wall carrying the road across a slope north of Sydney. The Great North Road was built between 1826 and 1836 to link Sydney with the Hunter Valley. It was largely abandoned once steamers made the coastal route easier.
  77. - Stone box culvert under the road. A drain built through the roadbed at Bucketty, still carrying water nearly two centuries on. The engineering was done without machinery by men under sentence. Sections of the road are now part of the World Heritage listing.
  78. - Cartwheel ruts cut in stone. Wheel tracks worn and cut into the rock surface of the roadway. Traffic over the road was never heavy enough to justify what it cost to build. The ruts record the small amount of use it did get.
  79. - Where the Chartist leaders embarked. A riverside at Chepstow from which John Frost, William Jones and Zephaniah Williams sailed on 3 February 1840 to begin transportation, after leading the Chartist march on Newport. Their death sentences had been commuted to transportation for life. All three were eventually pardoned.
  80. - Researching Convict Ancestors. 162,000 convicts were transported to Australia on roughly 806 ships, the traffic ending in 1868. Filed as a convict era record, posted by statelibraryqld in 2016.
  81. - Fear and Anger – The Voyage (convict transportation to Australia). ), published by Australian National Maritime Museum and concerning Tasmania. About 162,000 convicts were transported to Australia on roughly 806 ships, the traffic ending in 1868. Filed as a convict era record, posted by Australian National Maritime Museum in 2016.
  82. - European Impact – The Voyage (convict transportation to Australia). ), published by Australian National Maritime Museum. About 162,000 convicts were transported to Australia on roughly 806 ships, the traffic ending in 1868. Filed as a convict era record, posted by Australian National Maritime Museum in 2016.
  83. - Footsteps Towards Freedom, Hobart. Rowan Gillespie's 2017 bronze figures stand at the site of Hunter Island in Hobart. The work memorialises the roughly 13,000 convict women transported to Van Diemen's Land between 1803 and 1853, who brought about 2,000 children with them. The figures face the water they arrived across.
  84. - SURVIVAL DAY 26 JANUARY 2016. 26 January marks the First Fleet landing at Port Jackson and is named Invasion Day and Survival Day by many Aboriginal people. Filed as a convict era record, posted by NITV in 2017.
  85. - Sponsor a Convict Sleepover program at Hyde Park Barracks Museum. 162,000 convicts were transported to Australia on roughly 806 ships, the traffic ending in 1868. Filed as a convict era record, posted by Museums of History NSW in 2017.
  86. - 1817-1845 Convict Love Tokens. 162,000 convicts were transported to Australia on roughly 806 ships, the traffic ending in 1868. The footage depicts events of 1817. Filed as a convict era record, from footage of 1817 held by Museum Box.
  87. - Convict Escapades 2018 at Hyde Park Barracks Museum. 162,000 convicts were transported to Australia on roughly 806 ships, the traffic ending in 1868. Filed as a convict era record, posted by Museums of History NSW in 2018.
  88. - First Fleet Convict Thomas Barrett and the Charlotte Medal. 162,000 convicts were transported to Australia on roughly 806 ships, the traffic ending in 1868. Filed as a convict era record, posted by Australian National Maritime Museum in 2018.
  89. - Australia Day / Invasion Day / Change the Date. 26 January marks the First Fleet landing at Port Jackson and is named Invasion Day and Survival Day by many Aboriginal people. Filed as a convict era record, posted by Australian Cartoon Museum in 2019.
  90. - Stage 2: “Welcome new chum …” – a new convict arrival at the Hyde Park Barracks. 162,000 convicts were transported to Australia on roughly 806 ships, the traffic ending in 1868. Filed as a convict era record, posted by Museums of History NSW in 2019, running 2 minutes.
  91. - Installing a lift in the Hyde Park Barracks. 162,000 convicts were transported to Australia on roughly 806 ships, the traffic ending in 1868. Filed as a convict era record, posted by Museums of History NSW in 2019, running 3 minutes.
  92. - Stage 2: Child convicts of Australia - Chapter 2 - A Day in the Life. 162,000 convicts were transported to Australia on roughly 806 ships, the traffic ending in 1868. Filed as a convict era record, posted by Museums of History NSW in 2019, running 3 minutes.
  93. - Stage 2: Child Convicts of Australia - Chapter 3 - Work. 162,000 convicts were transported to Australia on roughly 806 ships, the traffic ending in 1868. Filed as a convict era record, posted by Museums of History NSW in 2019, running 2 minutes.
  94. - Stage 2: Child convicts of Australia - Chapter 1 Transportation and the First Fleet. 162,000 convicts were transported to Australia on roughly 806 ships, the traffic ending in 1868. Filed as a convict era record, posted by Museums of History NSW in 2019, running 4 minutes.
  95. - Unearthing Our Convict Past | University of Tasmania. Unearthing Our Convict Past, published by University of Tasmania and concerning Tasmania. About 162,000 convicts were transported to Australia on roughly 806 ships, the traffic ending in 1868. Filed as a convict era record, posted by University of Tasmania in 2020.
  96. - Archaeologists find booze bottles at supposedly dry convict site | ABC News. Archaeologists find booze bottles at supposedly dry convict site, published by ABC News (Australia) and concerning Tasmania. About 162,000 convicts were transported to Australia on roughly 806 ships, the traffic ending in 1868. Filed as a convict era record, posted by ABC News (Australia) in 2020.
  97. - Stage 3: Who were the secret archaeologists of the Hyde Park Barracks?. 162,000 convicts were transported to Australia on roughly 806 ships, the traffic ending in 1868. Filed as a convict era record, posted by Museums of History NSW in 2020.
  98. - A Thousand Words - Blak Douglas. 162,000 convicts were transported to Australia on roughly 806 ships, the traffic ending in 1868. Filed as a convict era record, posted by Museums of History NSW in 2020.
  99. - Stage 2: On Demand Convict Indent Activity. 162,000 convicts were transported to Australia on roughly 806 ships, the traffic ending in 1868. Filed as a convict era record, posted by Museums of History NSW in 2020.
  100. - The recording of the Parramatta Female Factory webinar. 162,000 convicts were transported to Australia on roughly 806 ships, the traffic ending in 1868. Filed as a convict era record, posted by MHNSW - State Archives Collection in 2021.
  101. - Discover Sydney's Hyde Park Barracks. 162,000 convicts were transported to Australia on roughly 806 ships, the traffic ending in 1868. Filed as a convict era record, posted by Museums of History NSW in 2021.
  102. - The Millbank embarkation steps. A surviving buttress on the Thames marks the head of the river steps at Millbank prison, opened in 1816 and closed in 1890. Prisoners under sentence of transportation boarded here until 1867. The plaque is the only trace left of the departure point.
  103. - One woman is revealing the stories of convicts, settlers buried on the Isle of the Dead | ABC News. One woman is revealing the stories of convicts, settlers buried on the Isle of the Dead, published by ABC News (Australia) and concerning Tasmania. About 162,000 convicts were transported to Australia on roughly 806 ships, the traffic ending in 1868. Filed as a convict era record, posted by ABC News (Australia) in 2021.
  104. - 'Substantial amount of money' hidden at Port Arthur convicts' workshop | ABC News. 'Substantial amount of money' hidden at Port Arthur convicts' workshop, published by ABC News (Australia) and concerning Tasmania. About 162,000 convicts were transported to Australia on roughly 806 ships, the traffic ending in 1868. Filed as a convict era record, posted by ABC News (Australia) in 2021.
  105. - From beach celebrations to 'Invasion Day' protests, January 26 draws mixed emotions in WA | ABC NEWS. From beach celebrations to 'Invasion Day' protests, January 26 draws mixed emotions in WA, published by ABC News (Australia) and concerning Western Australia. 26 January marks the First Fleet landing at Port Jackson and is named Invasion Day and Survival Day by many Aboriginal people. Filed as a convict era record, posted by ABC News (Australia) in 2022.
  106. - First Nations people reflect on Australia Day and our national identity | 7.30. First Nations people reflect on Australia Day and our national identity, published by ABC News (Australia). 26 January marks the First Fleet landing at Port Jackson and is named Invasion Day and Survival Day by many Aboriginal people. Filed as a convict era record, posted by ABC News (Australia) in 2022.
  107. - Port Arthur: Australia's Infamous Penal Colony. 162,000 convicts were transported to Australia on roughly 806 ships, the traffic ending in 1868. Filed as a convict era record, posted by Geographics in 2022.
  108. - Convicts revisited: explore our convict records and how you can find them. 162,000 convicts were transported to Australia on roughly 806 ships, the traffic ending in 1868. Filed as a convict era record, posted by MHNSW - State Archives Collection in 2022.
  109. - Richard Morgan First Fleet Convict and First Settler, Van Diemen's Land. 162,000 convicts were transported to Australia on roughly 806 ships, the traffic ending in 1868. Filed as a convict era record, posted by Libraries Tasmania in 2022.
  110. - Lennox builds the Liverpool weir. The only weir in New South Wales known to have been designed by the master mason David Lennox, who arrived in the colony in 1832 after senior positions in Britain. Lennox directed convict gangs on bridges and roads across the colony. His work is still carrying load.
  111. - Webinar: Finding resources about convict history. 162,000 convicts were transported to Australia on roughly 806 ships, the traffic ending in 1868. Filed as a convict era record, posted by MHNSW - State Archives Collection in 2023.
  112. - Hear Me Out: Australia Day | What's the history of January 26?. Hear Me Out: Australia Day, published by ABC Indigenous. 26 January marks the First Fleet landing at Port Jackson and is named Invasion Day and Survival Day by many Aboriginal people. Filed as a convict era record, posted by ABC Indigenous in 2025.
  113. - Is Australia Worth Celebrating? | Hear Me Out: Australia Day. Is Australia Worth Celebrating, published by ABC Indigenous. 26 January marks the First Fleet landing at Port Jackson and is named Invasion Day and Survival Day by many Aboriginal people. Filed as a convict era record, posted by ABC Indigenous in 2025.
  114. - Recapping some of the big moments from this years Survival Day rallies | NITV News | NITV. Recapping some of the big moments from this years Survival Day rallies, published by NITV. 26 January marks the First Fleet landing at Port Jackson and is named Invasion Day and Survival Day by many Aboriginal people. Filed as a convict era record, posted by NITV in 2025.
  115. - Tasmanian jail's colonial-era solitary cells unearthed below old pool | ABC NEWS. Tasmanian jail's colonial-era solitary cells unearthed below old pool, published by ABC News (Australia) and concerning Tasmania. About 162,000 convicts were transported to Australia on roughly 806 ships, the traffic ending in 1868. Filed as a convict era record, posted by ABC News (Australia) in 2025.
  116. - Bound for Botany Bay - Australian Folk Song. 13 May 1787 and reached Port Jackson on 26 January 1788. Filed as a convict era record, posted by Patriotic Archive in 2025.
  117. - Port Arthur, The Prison of Silence. 162,000 convicts were transported to Australia on roughly 806 ships, the traffic ending in 1868. Filed as a convict era record, posted by True Lore Archives in 2025.
  118. - Thousands march in nationwide Invasion Day rallies | ABC NEWS. Thousands march in nationwide Invasion Day rallies, published by ABC News (Australia). 26 January marks the First Fleet landing at Port Jackson and is named Invasion Day and Survival Day by many Aboriginal people. Filed as a convict era record, posted by ABC News (Australia) in 2026.
  119. - 25 Cockatoo Island: An Industrial Heritage and World Heritage Site Floating in Sydney Harbour. &Flight and concerning New South Wales. About 162,000 convicts were transported to Australia on roughly 806 ships, the traffic ending in 1868. Filed as a convict era record, posted by Japanese TravelPhotographer.E Travel&Flight in 2026.
  120. - Watkin Tench – The First Four Years a honest human look into the first fleet in 1788. 13 May 1787 and reached Port Jackson on 26 January 1788. The footage depicts events of 1788. Filed as a convict era record, from footage of 1788 held by Geerlings Filmworks.
  121. - She Arrived in Chains... Then Helped Build Australia | First Fleet Convict Eleanor Wainwright. She Arrived in Chains.., Then Helped Build Australia, published by Convict Lives Australia. About 162,000 convicts were transported to Australia on roughly 806 ships, the traffic ending in 1868. Filed as a convict era record, posted by Convict Lives Australia in 2026.
  122. - The Entire Story of Australia's Most Feared Penal Colony: Port Arthur. 162,000 convicts were transported to Australia on roughly 806 ships, the traffic ending in 1868. Filed as a convict era record, posted by Christopher Giuffrida in 2026.
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