Lootboxes
Loot boxes in games, and the regulators who have ruled on them, including the Belgian and Dutch positions of 2018 and the disclosure rules introduced in China and elsewhere.
Part of Gambling
90 moments in this segment.
- - Progression Systems - How Good Games Avoid Skinner Boxes - Extra Credits. Design analysis distinguishing progression systems that reward player choice from those structured as operant conditioning chambers, delivering measured rewards to sustain a habit loop. Predates the loot box dispute and describes the reward architecture it would later rest on.
- - China Regulation to Disclose Loot Chances - Topic / VLog (Paying Gears of War 4). Commentary on China's Ministry of Culture requirement that publishers publish the full item list and draw probabilities for randomised virtual goods, recorded while the rule was still pending. The speaker weighs what universal odds disclosure would mean if other markets copied it.
- - China's "Loot Box Law" Now In Effect! - Topic (Playing Monster Super League). Follow-up on China's probability disclosure requirement once it took effect in May 2017, looking at how publishers actually published their drop rates. Covers the gap between what the rule asks for and what studios put on screen.
- - In Depth: A Tale of Loot Boxes, Content Warnings, and Underage Gambling. Essay tracing why randomised paid boxes became a standard revenue line across game publishers, with attention to the reward schedules that keep players opening them. Also asks which bodies, ratings boards or gambling regulators, would have standing to act.
- - I will now talk about Lootboxes and Gambling for just over 40 minutes. Long-form breakdown of paid randomised boxes in Star Wars Battlefront II and Middle-earth: Shadow of War, both of which put box contents into gameplay rather than cosmetics only. Separates boxes that affect play from purely decorative ones and works through the gambling comparison in detail.
- - EA Addresses Controversial Battlefront II Loot Boxes & They're Still Sh*t. Examination of EA's response to complaints about Star Wars Battlefront II, in which hero unlock costs and crate-linked progression were adjusted while the underlying randomised crate remained the route to character upgrades. The changes preceded the publisher suspending in-game purchases at launch.
- - The Entire Battlefront 2 Loot Crate Debacle Explained | Battlefront Update. Chronological recap of the first week of complaints about Star Wars Battlefront II's purchasable crates, covering the progression items they contained and the publisher responses issued as coverage grew.
- - Star Wars Battlefront II Review - Epic Galactic Combat Despite the Loot Box Controversy. Retail review of Star Wars Battlefront II assessing the shooter on its own terms while noting the purchasable crate system running through progression. The reviewer treats the monetisation as one factor among level design, scale and presentation.
- - What Made Battlefront 2's Loot Box System So Bad?. Structural look at how Star Wars Battlefront II tied Star Cards and character unlocks to crate draws rather than direct purchase or play. The argument is that the design, not the price, is what players objected to.
- - GAMBLING IN GAMING: Are Loot Boxes Ethical?. Framing of the industry debate over paid randomised rewards as publishers expanded the mechanic across full-price releases.
- - Belgian Gaming Commission Begins Gambling Investigation on Battlefront 2. News report on the Belgian Gaming Commission opening an investigation in November 2017 into whether paid boxes in Star Wars Battlefront II fall under Belgian gambling law. At this point the Commission had announced an inquiry and reached no conclusion.
- - Star Wars Battlefront II TEMPORARILY Removes Loot Box Microtransactions. Report on EA disabling purchasable crates in Star Wars Battlefront II shortly after launch, following sustained criticism and regulator interest. The presenter stresses that the company described the removal as temporary pending a redesign.
- - Star Wars: Battlefront 2 - Loot Box Controversy Discussion. A long-form roundtable recorded in the days after Electronic Arts switched off crystal purchases in Star Wars Battlefront II, which had tied hero characters and card upgrades to paid randomised crates. The participants go through the progression maths, the Reddit backlash and what a reworked system might look like once purchases return.
- - Belgium Aims to Ban Loot Boxes in Europe - IGN News. Short wire item characterising the Belgian Gaming Commission's November 2017 statements as a ruling that paid boxes are gambling, and speculating about an EU-wide follow-up. The Commission's formal output was a study published the following April, not a ruling.
- - Belgium says loot boxes are gambling, wants them banned in Europe. Short bulletin from the week Belgian officials signalled they would treat purchasable crates in Overwatch and Battlefront II as falling under gambling law.
- - Lootboxes to be BANNED? - The Know Game News. News segment pairing statements from the Belgian Gaming Commission with those of a Hawaii state representative who described Star Wars Battlefront II as an online casino aimed at children. Both were public positions by officials rather than enacted measures.
- - STAR WARS Battlefront 2 Review - Is It Worth It? (LOOT BOX CONTROVERSY). Contemporary assessment of Star Wars Battlefront II with the crate-driven progression treated as the central design question of the release.
- - Loot Box Ban will Change the Video Game Landscape. A short survey of the legislative interest that built up through late 2017, from Belgian officials to a Hawaii state representative floating bills on randomised in-game purchases. It raises the practical question of whether publishers would ship region-specific builds if some markets restricted the mechanic.
- - Star Wars Battlefront 2's Loot Box Controversy Explained. Explainer walking through the Star Wars Battlefront II crate system from the beta onward, covering the credit costs for hero characters, the Reddit response and the suspension of purchases. Aimed at viewers who had not followed the story as it unfolded.
- - The Secret Psychology Of Gambling With Battlefront 2's Loot Boxes - The Dive. Interview segment with two psychologists on how variable ratio reward schedules operate in randomised game purchases and where they resemble or differ from established gambling products. The specialists set out what the research does and does not support.
- - UK: Loot boxes are NOT technically gambling, but THAT DOESN'T MATTER to parents!. Report on a UK Gambling Commission statement that paid game boxes were not gambling as defined by the Gambling Act 2005, since the items cannot legally be cashed out. The hosts note the Commission's separate concerns about children and in-game spending.
- - EA Says Battlefront 2 Loot Boxes Don't Focus on Cosmetics to Preserve Canon... Wut. Response to EA's explanation that Star Wars Battlefront II's crates could not be limited to cosmetic items without breaking established Star Wars fiction. The video contrasts that reasoning with cosmetic-only systems shipping in other titles.
- - US Legislator proposes NEW LAW to ban loot boxes for Under 21s. Coverage of draft legislation from Hawaii state representative Chris Lee that would bar the sale of games containing paid randomised item mechanics to anyone under twenty-one. The bills were proposals introduced in the state legislature and did not become law.
- - Apple forces devs to REVEAL Loot Box odds. Report on Apple amending its App Store review guidelines to require apps offering randomised virtual item purchases to disclose the odds before a sale. This was a platform rule set by a storefront, comparable to the requirement already operating in China.
- - The Loot Box Gambling Problem. Short primer defining what a paid randomised box is, how the purchase loop works, and the arguments made through 2017 about whether the mechanic should be treated as gambling.
- - Apple is Forcing Game Apps to Reveal Loot Box Odds. Coverage of Apple's App Store review guideline requiring apps that sell randomised virtual items to publish the odds of each outcome before purchase. The segment quotes the guideline text and contrasts it with the absence of any equivalent requirement on consoles or PC storefronts at the time.
- - Star Wars Battlefront 2 Loot Boxes Were ILLEGAL. Opinion piece arguing that Star Wars Battlefront II's crate design ought to be unlawful where minors can buy in, citing published work on reward conditioning. The position is the speaker's own and describes no enacted prohibition.
- - Gaming industry lobbyists questioned about lootboxes. A Hawaii state legislator walks through hearings on his proposed bills covering randomised in-game purchases, including testimony delivered by representatives of the games industry. He summarises the arguments the industry submitted against the measures and what stage the bills had reached.
- - EA & Battlefield V Devs are Treading Carefully After Battlefront 2 Loot Box Controversy. Report on EA and its developers signalling a different monetisation approach for the next Battlefield title, with cosmetic-only purchases and no progression-linked crates, following the reaction to the previous year's randomised crate system.
- - Breaking News | Some loot box computer games are breaking Dutch gambling rules. A brief news report on the Kansspelautoriteit study published in April 2018, which examined ten games and concluded that four of them offered randomised item systems breaching the Dutch Betting and Gaming Act because the items could be traded outside the game. The regulator gave publishers a deadline to change those systems.
- - Four Games Found in Breach of Dutch Gambling Laws | Battlefield 5 to have Battle Royale Mode?. Detailed reading of the Kansspelautoriteit study which examined ten games and identified four whose randomised boxes breached the Betting and Gaming Act, with tradability of the rewards as the deciding factor. The authority gave publishers a window to change the mechanics.
- - Breaking News | Some loot box computer games are breaking Dutch gambling rules. News bulletin on the Dutch gaming authority Kansspelautoriteit reporting in April 2018 that several examined games breached the Betting and Gaming Act. The finding turned on whether the items obtained could be traded outside the game.
- - The Netherlands Determines Some Loot Boxes Are Gambling - IGN News. Short news item on the Dutch regulator publicly describing some randomised game boxes as falling within gambling law, reported as the first such statement from a national authority.
- - LOOT BOX PSYCHOLOGY explained - WHY do we BUY them? MaM Gaming. Explanation of the reward anticipation research invoked in the debate about paid randomised boxes, covering near-miss effects and intermittent reinforcement. Aimed at readers of the mainstream coverage who had not seen the underlying psychology.
- - Belgium BANS Overwatch Loot Boxes! + Anubis Map Changes + New Channel Giveaway! (Overwatch News). Games news segment describing the April 2018 Belgian Gaming Commission output as a ban obliging Blizzard to change Overwatch. The Commission's document was a study concluding the paid systems in Overwatch, FIFA 18 and CS:GO met the legal definition of games of chance, with removal ordered and penalties raised as a possibility.
- - Belgium has Officially BANNED Loot Boxes!. Report characterising the Belgian Gaming Commission study as an official ban requiring publishers to strip randomised boxes or face five years in prison and an 800,000 euro fine. The document was a regulator's report ordering removal and naming maximum penalties available under Belgian law. No company was prosecuted or fined over it.
- - Belgium Declares Loot Boxes Illegal with a plenty of 5 years in prison. Reaction video presenting the Belgian outcome as a declaration of illegality carrying up to five years in prison. No court ruled and no prosecution followed. The Gaming Commission's report ordered removal and referred to possible criminal referral and fines up to 800,000 euros.
- - Publishers now face JAIL TIME over lootboxes!. News segment framing the Belgian Gaming Commission's April 2018 report as exposing publishers to jail time, while noting that Star Wars Battlefront II, the title that triggered the inquiry, was the one examined game the Commission did not place inside the definition. The maximum penalties quoted were possibilities set out by a regulator, not sentences imposed.
- - EA Responds to Belgium's FIFA Loot Box Ban, Still Claims It's Not Gambling. Coverage of EA's public response to the Belgian Gaming Commission's conclusions on FIFA Ultimate Team packs, in which the company maintained the packs are not gambling. EA restated that position while the Commission's order to remove them stood.
- - Belgium Says Loot Boxes Violate Their Gambling Laws. News desk discussion of the Belgian Gaming Commission concluding that three major publishers' paid box systems fall under gambling law, and of the criminal referrals the Commission said could follow. The referrals were described as a possible next step, not an outcome reached.
- - EA Refuse To Listen As Loot Boxes Are Declared Illegal. Survey of publisher responses across jurisdictions, including the Chinese requirement that Overwatch drop rates be disclosed and the contrasting stance taken by Electronic Arts.
- - My country blocked CSGO trading for us, thanks.. First-person clip from a player who lost access to Counter-Strike: Global Offensive item trading when Valve restricted the feature in response to the Dutch regulator's deadline. Records what the restriction looked like from inside the client.
- - Valve Forced to Remove CS:GO Loot Boxes After Netherlands and Belgium Ruling. Report on Valve blocking case opening in Counter-Strike: Global Offensive for players in the Netherlands and Belgium in July 2018, following the two regulators' positions. The block was territorial. Paid cases and keys remained available everywhere else.
- - Activision Blizzard Forced to Remove Overwatch Paid Loot Boxes in Belgium. Report on Blizzard removing the option to buy Overwatch loot boxes for players in Belgium in August 2018, after the Gaming Commission's report. Earned boxes continued to drop, only the purchase path was withdrawn.
- - 2K Wants You to Help Them Fleece You (NBA2K19). Discussion of 2K's public statement after it removed randomised card packs from NBA 2K19 in Belgium and the Netherlands, in which the publisher pointed players towards the two regulators. The video treats the statement as an attempt to recruit customers into a lobbying campaign and quotes the relevant passages.
- - EA Will Keep On Pushing Loot Boxes, Belgium Initiates Criminal Proceedings Against EA, Sony Warned. News round-up pairing the Belgian Gaming Commission's referral of EA to prosecutors with the company chief executive's statement that EA would continue with the mechanic. The referral did not result in a prosecution.
- - EA & ESRB Lies Shut Down as Australia Study Finds Loot Boxes Are Psychologically Gambling. Reporting on evidence given to the Australian Senate's inquiry into gaming microtransactions, where researchers described structural and psychological overlaps between randomised in-game purchases and gambling products. Statements submitted by industry bodies are read alongside the research and contested point by point. An inquiry recommendation carries no legal force on its own.
- - Australia Loot Box Study, Infiltration Abuse, Telltale Games Shutting Down | Weekly Roundup. A news roundup whose lead item is the Australian parliamentary research published on randomised in-game purchases and their similarity to gambling, with links to the committee's own documents. Two unrelated industry stories follow in the same segment.
- - Federal Trade Commission Will Investigate Loot Boxes In The US. Covers the Federal Trade Commission's agreement, at the request of Senator Maggie Hassan, to look into randomised in-game purchases in the United States. The video also reads and disputes a statement from the Entertainment Software Association, and carries a correction noting the quote was initially misattributed to the ESRB.
- - Episode 110 Clinton McCleary (Infliction) & the Australian Senate loot box inquiry. A podcast episode that pairs an interview with an independent Australian developer about building his first game with a discussion segment on the Senate inquiry into gaming microtransactions. The inquiry portion covers what was put to the committee and what a recommendation would and would not change.
- - Belgium's War on Lootboxes - The OFFICIAL update from Belgian Government. Status update revisiting the Belgian file months after the criminal referral against EA was announced, working through what had and had not moved in the Belgian system. The presenter reads the regulator's own communications rather than the intervening headlines.
- - Loot boxes and Microtransactions - We will not die (Everything counts in large amounts). Compilation of published revenue figures for in-game purchases, including EA reporting 1.68 billion dollars from microtransactions in one financial year and Activision Blizzard reporting around 4 billion, alongside reporting on individual players spending five figures.
- - EA Surrenders In Belgium, Will Remove Loot Boxes From FIFA. Report on EA withdrawing FIFA Points from sale in Belgium in January 2019, ending its stated intention to contest the Gaming Commission's position. Ultimate Team continued to run in the market without the paid pack currency.
- - EA claims to UK Parliament Loot Boxes are completely ethical Surprise Mechanics. Commentary on evidence given to a UK parliamentary inquiry in which EA vice president Kerry Hopkins described loot boxes as ethical "surprise mechanics" and compared them to Kinder Eggs and Hatchimals, with the exchange set against the inquiry's questioning.
- - Following EA's Disastrous "Surprise Mechanics" Response, UK Parliament Continues Loot Box Scrutiny. Follows the UK Digital, Culture, Media and Sport committee's continued questioning after Kerry Hopkins of Electronic Arts told it the company preferred to call randomised packs "surprise mechanics" that were "quite ethical", a phrasing widely reported afterwards. It also covers Digital Minister Margot James defending the existing regulatory position.
- - Sony, Microsoft And Nintendo Now REQUIRED To Disclose Lootbox Odds - Is It Enough?. Coverage of Sony, Microsoft and Nintendo agreeing to require odds disclosure for randomised paid items in games published on their platforms. The commitment came through industry trade bodies as self-regulation rather than through any statute.
- - EA DICE: "We Hit Rock Bottom" After Star Wars Battlefront 2 Loot Box Controversy. Report on DICE staff describing the period after the Star Wars Battlefront II launch as the studio's low point, drawn from published interviews about rebuilding the game's progression. The studio account addresses internal effects rather than regulation.
- - Dice Admits EA's Loot Boxes Hurt Star Wars Battlefront 2's Reputation. Commentary on remarks from developers at the DICE studio acknowledging that the crate system attached to Star Wars Battlefront II damaged the game's standing with players, and on what a studio can and cannot say about a publisher's monetisation decisions.
- - UK's Loot Box Investigation Yields Damning Report Endorsing Ban, ESA Issues Laughable Response. A detailed read-through of the September 2019 report from the UK Digital, Culture, Media and Sport committee, which recommended that randomised paid packs be treated as games of chance under gambling law and that their sale to children be stopped. The response issued by the Entertainment Software Association is quoted and picked apart. A select committee recommendation binds nobody, and the government declined to act on it.
- - EA's Feeble Response To UK's Damning Loot Box Investigation. Examines the statement Electronic Arts put out after the UK parliamentary committee published its findings, in which the company defended its pack systems and pointed to player spending controls. A submission from a FIFA player that the committee cited is read back against the company's reply.
- - What Slot Machines Can Tell Us About Our Brains. A science explainer on variable ratio reinforcement, near-miss effects and the dopamine response measured in slot machine players, presented as the established research that newer studies on randomised in-game purchases draw upon. It is careful to note how little direct evidence on the game mechanic existed at the time.
- - UK Commission Wants Loot Boxes Outlawed - Inside Gaming Daily. News segment on a report from the Children's Commissioner for England calling for paid randomised game items to be brought under gambling law. The document was a recommendation to government. The UK did not adopt it.
- - Betting on Loot Boxes: Is Regulation a Winning Play? [POLICYbrief]. Policy briefing setting out the case for regulating paid randomised game items alongside the case against, covering consumer protection claims and the definitional problems regulators face when items cannot be cashed out.
- - Children Exposed to Gambling in Computer Games | Centre for Responsible Technology. A think tank outlines its submission calling for Australia's classification system to account for design features in games that expose children to chance-based spending. The argument is that ratings describe depicted content but say nothing about the monetisation architecture underneath it.
- - Gaming-gambling convergence II: Loot boxes. Academic seminar in which David Zendle of the University of York and James Sauer of the University of Tasmania present their work on the convergence of gaming and gambling, covering the correlational findings linking loot box spending to problem gambling measures and the limits of that evidence.
- - Lootbox "Law" is getting silly in The Netherlands. Commentary on how publishers responded to the Dutch regulator's position by withholding whole games and currency systems from the Netherlands rather than adjusting the mechanic. The argument is that companies were reading the regulator's reach more broadly than its stated scope.
- - EA Fined โฌ500K a Week for FUT | CP2077 Delay Causes Other Delays | Sony Stops PS5 Face Plate Seller. News round-up on the Kansspelautoriteit order against EA over FIFA Ultimate Team packs, carrying penalty payments accruing weekly up to a ten million euro ceiling. The order was upheld at first instance in October 2020 and later annulled by the Council of State in March 2022, which held the packs form part of a game of skill.
- - PSA: Loot Boxes. Short briefing on paid randomised game items built from cited sources, including the 2018 declaration by an international group of gambling regulators announcing joint scrutiny of the mechanic. Presents the sources on screen as it goes.
- - Are Loot Boxes In Video Games Exposing Your Child To Gambling? | Talking Point | Full Episode. Current affairs episode on children in Singapore spending large sums on randomised in-game items, including counsellors from TOUCH Community Services who report a sharp rise in cases over three years. Parents and players describe the spending as it happened.
- - Loot Box Prevalence and Probability Disclosures in Videogames. Conference presentation of research measuring how many games actually published the drop rates that Chinese law requires, and in what form. The authors report widespread technical compliance delivered in ways players are unlikely to find or read.
- - Another Report SLAMS Loot Boxes as Gambling | FBI Investigates Cheaters | Outriders Debuts at No.6. News segment summarising a further research report arguing that paid randomised game items function as gambling, and reviewing which governments had acted on similar findings by 2021.
- - Xiao et al. Loot Box Probability Disclosure Regulations in China @SLS2021 Conference. Academic seminar presenting the published study on compliance with China's probability disclosure rules, covering method, sample and the forms of disclosure the authors treated as inadequate. Extends the argument to what a disclosure regime can and cannot achieve.
- - UK vs Chinese Loot Box Probability Disclosure Compliance - DiGRA Australia 2022. Comparative research talk measuring disclosure compliance under China's legal requirement against compliance under the Western industry's voluntary commitment. The reported result is markedly lower compliance where disclosure rests on a pledge.
- - What Are The Odds?. Recorded conference session on the study comparing self-regulated and legally mandated odds disclosure, including the sampling of top-grossing titles and the questions put by attendees afterwards.
- - Why loot boxes should be regulated. Consumer organisation film setting out a joint international call for regulation of paid randomised game items, citing interface design, marketing and unclear probabilities. The bodies involved asked governments to act rather than reporting any decision.
- - The Lure of Loot: Gambling and Manipulative Design in Youth Video Games (#AtE). Extended panel of researchers and clinicians on gambling-adjacent design features in games played by young people, covering what the evidence base supports on behaviour and spending. Panellists disagree openly about how far the findings reach.
- - Report: Gaming loot boxes cause financial and emotional harm to children. Researchers summarise a joint Loughborough and Newcastle Universities report finding that children and young people can suffer financial and emotional harm through randomised in-game purchases. The recommendations they set out cover spending limits, parental controls and clearer disclosure.
- - The Dark Side of Counter-Strike 2. Investigation into the skin gambling sites built around Counter-Strike 2 items, tracing site ownership, the influencers promoting them and their links to esports organisations. Includes on-record exchanges with people running or promoting the operations.
- - Loot boxes are basically gambling. Comedy sketch in which a development studio pitches adding randomised paid boxes to its game and a colleague points out how closely the proposal tracks a gambling product. The joke is built from the industry's standard defences of the mechanic.
- - Star Wars Battlefront 2โs Loot Boxes: The Controversy That Transformed Gaming!. Retrospective assembling the Star Wars Battlefront II sequence years after the fact, from the beta progression complaints through the suspension of purchases to the regulatory attention that followed in Europe.
- - ๐ฅ๐ผ๐ฏ๐น๐ผ๐ ๐๐ผ๐ผ๐ ๐๐ผ๐ ๐ฒ๐ ๐๐ฟ๐ฒ ๐ฃ๐ฟ๐ถ๐บ๐ถ๐ป๐ด ๐๐ถ๐ฑ๐ ๐ณ๐ผ๐ฟ ๐๐ฎ๐บ๐ฏ๐น๐ถ๐ป๐ด. A short briefing on a University of Sydney study that identified chance-based spending features inside Roblox, a platform with a large child user base. The presenter sets the study's findings against the platform's own rules on gambling-like content.
- - How Gacha Games Breed Gambling Addicts (It's by Design). Traces the rise of gacha monetisation in Chinese-developed titles including Genshin Impact and Honkai, covering pity counters, banner rotation and pull rates. It sets this against China's May 2017 requirement that publishers disclose the draw probabilities of virtual items.
- - EU Lootbox BAN?! The Future of CS2 Cases might be About to Changeโฆ. Analysis of Counter-Strike's shift away from random case drops towards Armory Passes, curated shops and pass-exclusive cases, read against the 2023 European Parliament resolution on in-game purchases and subsequent EU proposals to restrict randomised boxes for minors.
- - Underage Gambling: The First Bet (Documentary) | Predatory Game Design. Documentary on minors encountering paid randomised mechanics in mobile games and app stores, using family interviews and its own survey of monetisation features in widely downloaded titles. The film argues these mechanics sit outside gambling regulation in most markets.
- - Valve Banned CS2 Cases... I'm Never Opening them Again. A long-running Counter-Strike case opening broadcast ends when Valve restricts the account's ability to open cases, showing how the publisher controls access to the randomised container economy it operates and can withdraw it from a single user.
- - Why Loot Boxes Are So Addictive | The Psychology of Gambling. Documentary essay on why players continue buying randomised boxes with full knowledge of the published odds, drawing on behavioural economics work on sunk cost, loss aversion and reward scheduling.
- - Loot Boxes Are Slot Machines for Children. Account of the behavioural mechanisms researchers cite when comparing randomised boxes to slot machines, including the near-miss effect and intermittent reinforcement, together with the Belgian position on paid boxes.
- - Why Loot Boxes Are a Trap. Explainer on how variable ratio reward schedules underpin paid randomised boxes, working through Star Wars Battlefront II, Diablo Immortal and FIFA Ultimate Team packs, and on why regulators in different jurisdictions reached different conclusions about whether the mechanic is gambling.
- - Star Wars Battlefront II | How EA's Loot Boxes Sparked Gaming's Biggest Backlash. Case study of Star Wars Battlefront II as a monetisation dispute, covering the hero unlock costs, the publisher's reply on the Reddit thread that became the site's most downvoted comment, and the redesign that followed.
- - EA deletes the team you paid for. Every year.. Account of an Austrian player who sought a refund of 338.26 euros spent on FIFA Ultimate Team packs and pursued the claim through three court levels over three years. Follows the legal argument over whether the packs constitute a game of chance under Austrian law.