Anatomy

The body mapped: Vesalius and the anatomical atlases, wax and ivory models, écorché figures, and the long argument about what is actually inside us. The drawings are often beautiful and were often made from people who had no say in the matter.

Part of Medicine

134 moments in this segment.

1. 1250 - Anatomical figure; c. 1400. Skeletal figure, fol. 169v from University Library, Basle, MS D.11.II, 13th century. Dated 1250 in the Commons record. Anatomical atlases were expensive, slow to produce and copied freely, so a single good plate could shape teaching for a century.
2. 1399 - Drawing; muscular system of man, 1399.. Muscular system of man. Reproduction taken from Abermals eine neue Handschrift der anatomischen Fünfbilderserie : Versuch einer Wiederherstellung des lateinischen Textes dieses illustrierten Leitfadens der Anatomie / Karl Sudhoff Date: 1910 General Collections. Dated 1399 in the Commons record. The plate had to serve where no body was available, which is why anatomical illustration developed conventions of cutaway and layering.
3. 1496 - The Bath House (SM 31576d). public baths · portrait, self-portrait of artist · historical person (DÜRER, Albrecht) · historical person (PIRCKHEIMER, Willibald) · historical person (PAUMGARTNER, Lukas) · historical person (PAUMGARTNER, Stephan) · being shown undressed · male sex; man · sitting figure · standing figure · one person playing wind instrument - CC - out of doors · one person playing string instrument (bowed) - CC. Dated 1496, credited to Albrecht Dürer. Printed anatomy travelled further than any dissection could, and the book outlived the specimen.
4. 1515 - The muscles of the leg. The muscles of the left leg, seen from the front, and the bones and muscles of the right leg seen in right profile, and between them, a patella. Drawing by Michelangelo Buonarotti, c. Dated 1515 in the Commons record. Illustrators worked beside the dissector, drawing structures that would be unrecognisable within a day.
5. 1539 - 'Adam and Eve figures'; female, all layers raised.. Anatomical Fugitive Sheet no. 288.4 'Adam and Eve figures': female, all layers raised. Dated 1539 in the Commons record. Vesalius published De humani corporis fabrica at Basel in June 1543, aged 28, printed by Johannes Oporinus. Modern scholars attribute its woodcuts to the studio of Titian, while the traditional attribution names Jan van Calcar, and the question stays open.
6. 1543 - Anatomical Study from De Humani Corporis Fabrica by Vesalius 1543. Anatomical Study, illustration from De Humani Corporis Fabrica by Andreas Vesalius 1514-64 Basel, 1543 General Collections. Dated 1543 in the Commons record. Vesalius published De humani corporis fabrica at Basel in June 1543, aged 28, printed by Johannes Oporinus. Modern scholars attribute its woodcuts to the studio of Titian, while the traditional attribution names Jan van Calcar, and the question stays open.
7. 1543 - Map met 33 Nederlandse 17de eeuwse tekeningen van skeletten en anatomische tekeningen met een b. Identificatie Titel(s): Skelet Objecttype: tekening Objectnummer: RP-T-1989-256 Opschriften / Merken: verzamelaarsmerk, verso, gestempeld: Lugt 2228 Vervaardiging Vervaardiger: tekenaar: anoniem, naar ontwerp van: Jan Stefan van Calcar (mogelijk) Plaats vervaardiging: Lage Landen Datering: 1640 - 1649 Fysieke kenmerken: rood krijt Materiaal: papier krijt Afmetingen: hoogte 317 mm × breedte 194 mm. Dated 1543, credited to Rijksmuseum. Colour printing arrived late to anatomy, so most of its canonical images are line engravings read as diagrams.
8. 1555 - Vesalius blood vessels. de humani corporis fabrica libri septem by Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564): Andreae Vesalii Bruxellensis, invictissimi Caroli V. Imperatoris medici. Dated 1555, credited to McLeod. The layered plate, peeling structures back one sheet at a time, was an attempt to put the sequence of a dissection on paper.
9. 1561 - André-Vésale, La Fabrica, Rete-mirabile (Plexus-réticulé chez Ambroise-Paré, 1561. The image records andré-Vésale, La Fabrica, Rete-mirabile (Plexus-réticulé chez Ambroise-Paré, 1561. Dated 1561, credited to André Vésale. Anatomy's vocabulary was still settling, so the same structure carries different names across contemporary atlases.
10. 1578 - Spiegel, Adriaan van (1578-1625) and Casseri, Giulio (ca. 1552-1616) (musculi colli). An object held in the anatomy material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 1578, credited to Spiegel, Adriaan van and Casseri, Giulio. Anatomical figures were often posed like classical statuary, borrowing authority from art to make dissection respectable.
11. 1630 - Wilson "The plague..."; people fleeing from plague. Runaways fleeing from the plague, a woodcut from 'A Looking-glasse for City and Countrey', printed by H. Gosson in 1630 and sold by E. Dated 1630 in the Commons record. Teaching sets were made to be handled, and the survivors are usually the copies nobody could afford to use.
12. 1650 - Düsseldorf Stadtmuseum Anatomisches Modell eines Mannes (Schild). English text: Anatomical model of a man Stephan Zick? • um 1680 • Nuremberg • Ivory and wood • The models (n P 38.1 and P 38.2) could be used for teaching anatomy. Dated 1650, credited to Windharp. Comparative anatomy sat beside human anatomy in the same volumes, since the argument was about what the bodies shared.
13. 1672 - Anatomische afbeelding van de eierstokken en eileiders Boekillustratie voor Reinier de Graaf. Identificatie Titel(s): Anatomische afbeelding van de eierstokken en eileiders. Boekillustratie voor: Reinier de Graaf, De mulierum organis generationi inservientibus tractatus novus, 1672 Objecttype: prent boekillustratie Objectnummer: RP-P-BI-677 Catalogusreferentie: Hollstein Dutch 24 Opschriften / Merken: verzamelaarsmerk, verso midden onder, gestempeld: Lugt 2228 Omschrijving: Blad uit een. Dated 1672, credited to Rijksmuseum. Anatomical atlases were expensive, slow to produce and copied freely, so a single good plate could shape teaching for a century.
14. 1680 - Abraham a Sancta Clara Merck's Wienn Tod an der Orgel. Tod an der Orgel, aus: braham a Sancta Clara: "Merck's Wienn / Das ist deß wütenden Todts ein umbständige Beschreibung in der berühmten Haupt- und Kayserl. Residenz-Statt in Oesterreich..." Wien, Peter Paul Vivan 1680. Dated 1680, credited to Abraham a Sancta Clara. The plate had to serve where no body was available, which is why anatomical illustration developed conventions of cutaway and layering.
15. 1685 - Lungs from "Anatomia Humani Corporis", Bidloo, 1685. An object held in the anatomy material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 1685 in the Commons record. Govard Bidloo's atlas was drawn by Gerard de Lairesse, who included the pins, cloths and flies of the actual dissecting table rather than idealising the body.
16. 1685 - Anatomische studie van het heilig been en het staartbeen, RP-P-OB-70.714. Identificatie Titel(s): Anatomische studie van het heilig been en het staartbeen Objecttype: prent boekillustratie Objectnummer: RP-P-OB-70.714 Opschriften / Merken: verzamelaarsmerk, verso midden onder, gestempeld: Lugt 2228 Omschrijving: Anatomische studie van het heilig been en het staartbeen. Bovenaan rechts genummerd T. Dated 1685, credited to Rijksmuseum. Anatomy's vocabulary was still settling, so the same structure carries different names across contemporary atlases.
17. 1690 - Ontleding des menschelyken lichaams. An object held in the anatomy material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 1690, credited to Gerard de Lairesse. Teaching sets were made to be handled, and the survivors are usually the copies nobody could afford to use.
18. 1733 - Bones of the torso; front view. Ink and watercolour, 1830-18. 35?, after W. Dated 1733 in the Commons record. William Cheselden's Osteographia of 1733 was drawn with a camera obscura, which is why its bones sit at such particular angles.
19. 1733 - W. Cheselden, "Osteographia", 1733 - teeth. Teeth and jaw bone (unlettered impression). Dated 1733 in the Commons record. Printed anatomy travelled further than any dissection could, and the book outlived the specimen.
20. 1743 - The uterus, after Swammerdam, De Graaf and Cheselden. Etchin. The image records the uterus, after Swammerdam, De Graaf and Cheselden. Etching, 1743. Dated 1743 in the Commons record. Illustrators worked beside the dissector, drawing structures that would be unrecognisable within a day.
21. 1748 - Meyer1 Skelet. Шкілет чалавека і каня з кнігі Meyer I.D. Angenehmer und nutzlicher Zeit-Vertreib mit Betrachtung curioser…, 1748. Dated 1748, credited to Johann Daniel Meyer. European anatomy after 1543 was largely the slow business of checking Galen against actual bodies.
22. 1749 - Albinus skeleton w muscles. Bernhard Siegfried Albinus (1697-1770): Tables of the Skeleton and Muscles of the Human Body, 1749. Dated 1749, credited to McLeod. Bernhard Siegfried Albinus worked with the engraver Jan Wandelaar, who set the skeletons and muscle figures against elaborate landscape backgrounds.
23. 1750 - History upon Death (1750) - page 1. Illustration from page 1 of History upon Death (1750). Dated 1750, credited to Unknown engraver. Colour printing arrived late to anatomy, so most of its canonical images are line engravings read as diagrams.
24. 1775 - Michel Schuppach, with a patient in the hands of a skelton. The image records michel Schuppach, with a patient in the hands of a skelton (death); parody of engraving "La pharmacie rustique", by Chretien de Mechel, 1775. Wellcome Images. Dated 1775 in the Commons record. Anatomical figures were often posed like classical statuary, borrowing authority from art to make dissection respectable.
25. 1779 - Standing écorché figure, from behind, showing skeleton.. A standing écorché figure, seen from behind, showing the skeleton. Crayon manner print by J. Dated 1779 in the Commons record. An écorché strips the skin to show the muscles beneath, a figure made for artists as much as for surgeons.
26. 1791 - Phylidors naturliche Geistererscheinungen. Illustration of a performance by Phylidor, from a 1791 handbill. Dated 1791, credited to Phylidor. The layered plate, peeling structures back one sheet at a time, was an attempt to put the sequence of a dissection on paper.
27. 1803 - Napoléon climbing a headless skeleton trying to reach an una. The image records napoléon climbing a headless skeleton trying to reach an unattainable crown satirizing his imperial ambitions for France and his own for sovereignty. Coloured etching, 1803. Dated 1803 in the Commons record. Anatomy's vocabulary was still settling, so the same structure carries different names across contemporary atlases.
28. 1819 - Female skeleton with ostrich. The image records female skeleton with ostrich. For the detailed description, see File:A series of engravings, representing the bones of the human skeleton - with the skeletons of some of the lower animals (IA seriesofengravin00mitc).pdf. Dated 1819 in the Commons record. Teaching sets were made to be handled, and the survivors are usually the copies nobody could afford to use.
29. 1828 - Anterior view of thigh (fig. 1) and posterior view of thigh. The image records anterior view of thigh (fig. 1) and posterior view of thigh (fig. Dated 1828 in the Commons record. Comparative anatomy sat beside human anatomy in the same volumes, since the argument was about what the bodies shared.
30. 1830 - Bones of the leg and foot. Ink and watercolour, 1830-1835?,. The image records bones of the leg and foot. Ink and watercolour, 1830/1835?, after W. Dated 1830 in the Commons record. William Cheselden's Osteographia of 1733 was drawn with a camera obscura, which is why its bones sit at such particular angles.
31. 1830 - Le musée danatomie humaine (Turin). "Uomo di Auzoux" Statua anatomica scomponibile in cartapesta Parigi,1830 Le musée d'anatomie humaine "Luigi Rolando" a été créé en 1739 dans le palais de l'université. Il est installé dans les locaux actuels depuis 1898. Dated 1830, credited to Jean-Pierre Dalbéra from Paris, France. Anatomical atlases were expensive, slow to produce and copied freely, so a single good plate could shape teaching for a century, as in this 1830 example.
32. 1831 - Arteries of the thigh. Lithograph by N.H Jacob, 1831-1854.. The image records arteries of the thigh. Lithograph by N.H Jacob, 1831/1854. Dated 1831 in the Commons record. Anatomical atlases were expensive, slow to produce and copied freely, so a single good plate could shape teaching for a century, as in this 1831 example.
33. 1831 - Thorax and abdomen; superficial dissection. Lithograph by N.. 1831/1854(?). Dated 1831 in the Commons record. Anatomical atlases were expensive, slow to produce and copied freely, so a single good plate could shape teaching for a century, as in this 1831 example.
34. 1834 - Muscles and blood vessels of the head and neck; two figures. The image records muscles and blood vessels of the head and neck: two figures of a dissection. Coloured lithograph by G.E. Dated 1834 in the Commons record. Anatomical atlases were expensive, slow to produce and copied freely, so a single good plate could shape teaching for a century, as in this 1834 example.
35. 1836 - An écorché figure showing bones, with left arm extended, see. The image records an écorché figure showing bones, with left arm extended, seen from the front. Lithograph by Battistelli after C. Dated 1836 in the Commons record. An écorché strips the skin to show the muscles beneath, a figure made for artists as much as for surgeons.
36. 1836 - Skeleton, front view. Lithograph by Battistelli after C. Squ. The image records skeleton, front view. Lithograph by Battistelli after C. Dated 1836 in the Commons record. Anatomical atlases were expensive, slow to produce and copied freely, so a single good plate could shape teaching for a century, as in this 1836 example.
37. 1837 - An écorché head and shoulders, with neck muscles indicated.. The image records an écorché head and shoulders, with neck muscles indicated. Lithograph by Battistelli after C. Dated 1837 in the Commons record. An écorché strips the skin to show the muscles beneath, a figure made for artists as much as for surgeons.
38. 1838 - An écorché figure (torso); back view. Lithograph by Wieller. The image records an écorché figure (torso): back view. Lithograph by Wieller and Martelli after Squanquerillo, 1838. Dated 1838 in the Commons record. Anatomical atlases were expensive, slow to produce and copied freely, so a single good plate could shape teaching for a century, as in this 1838 example.
39. 1838 - Muscles of the chest and shoulder; four figures. Lithograph. The image records muscles of the chest and shoulder: four figures. Lithograph by Wieller and Martelli after Squanquerillo, ca. Dated 1838 in the Commons record. Anatomical atlases were expensive, slow to produce and copied freely, so a single good plate could shape teaching for a century, as in this 1838 example.
40. 1839 - Muscles and bones of the shoulder, arm and hand; two figures. The image records muscles and bones of the shoulder, arm and hand: two figures of écorché arms and two of elbow and wrist joints. Lithograph by Battistelli after C. Dated 1839 in the Commons record. Anatomical atlases were expensive, slow to produce and copied freely, so a single good plate could shape teaching for a century, as in this 1839 example.
41. 1839 - Muscles and ligaments of the hand; two figures of écorché ha. The image records muscles and ligaments of the hand: two figures of écorché hands. Lithograph by Martelli after C. Dated 1839 in the Commons record. Anatomical atlases were expensive, slow to produce and copied freely, so a single good plate could shape teaching for a century, as in this 1839 example.
42. 1840 - Bones of the upper leg; two figures. Lithograph by Martelli. 1840 in the Commons record. Anatomical atlases were expensive, slow to produce and copied freely, so a single good plate could shape teaching for a century, as in this 1840 example.
43. 1840 - Muscles of the lower leg; two figures of écorché legs and fe. The image records muscles of the lower leg: two figures of écorché legs and feet. Lithograph by Martelli after C. Dated 1840 in the Commons record. Anatomical atlases were expensive, slow to produce and copied freely, so a single good plate could shape teaching for a century.
44. 1840 - Proportions of the human body; six figures showing the face,. The image records proportions of the human body: six figures showing the face, hand, leg and entire body, with proportions marked. Lithograph by Battistelli after C. Dated 1840 in the Commons record. Anatomical atlases were expensive, slow to produce and copied freely, so a single good plate could shape teaching for a century.
45. 1843 - Xiyuanlu jizheng-1843-Bones. Nomenclature of human bones in Song Ci: ‘Collected records on washing away of unjust imputations’ (Sòng Cí: Xǐ-yuān lù jí-zhèng, 1843 edition, edited by Ruǎn Qíxīn. Dated 1843, credited to Wolfgang Michel. Anatomical atlases were expensive, slow to produce and copied freely, so a single good plate could shape teaching for a century, as in this 1843 example.
46. 1850 - Large working model showing movement of bones of the middle. The image records large working model showing movement of bones of the middle ear, used for teaching, possibly 2nd half of 19th century. Black background. Dated 1850 in the Commons record. Anatomical atlases were expensive, slow to produce and copied freely, so a single good plate could shape teaching for a century, as in this 1850 example.
47. 1850 - Model en cera de l'anatomia de la boca, c. 1850 - 1860. The image records model en cera de l'anatomia de la boca, c. Procedeix del Museu Anatòmic de la Facultat de Medicina de València, muntat per Josep Maria Gómez Alamà. Dated 1850, credited to Joanbanjo. Anatomical wax models let students study structures that decayed within hours in an unrefrigerated dissecting room.
48. 1850 - Wax anatomical model of female human head showing internal structure of skull. The image records wax anatomical model of female human head showing internal structure of skull, probably German, 19th century. Overhead view of whole object against dark grey background. Dated 1850, credited to Science Museum London / Science and Society Picture Library. Anatomical atlases were expensive, slow to produce and copied freely, so a single good plate could shape teaching for a century, as in this 1850 example.
49. 1858 - Gray413 vie. An object held in the anatomy material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 1858, credited to Henry Vandyke Carter (1831, 1897). Anatomical atlases were expensive, slow to produce and copied freely, so a single good plate could shape teaching for a century, as in this 1858 example.
50. 1868 - Aristoteles Thierkunde, 1868; Vascular system. Vascular system Original Negative is a Vinegar Negative CAN NOT BE RESCANNED Wellcome Images. Dated 1868 in the Commons record. Anatomical atlases were expensive, slow to produce and copied freely, so a single good plate could shape teaching for a century, as in this 1868 example.
51. 1877 - Skeletten op een boot en een paard met wagen vol schedels, RP-P-1909-3355. Identificatie Titel(s): Skeletten op een boot en een paard en wagen (kar) vol schedels Triomf van de dood Objecttype: prent Objectnummer: RP-P-1909-3355 Catalogusreferentie: Aantal staten bekend-1(2), Opmerking: Staat vermeld op object. Opschriften / Merken: verzamelaarsmerk, verso, gestempeld: Lugt 2228, opschrift, recto, handgeschreven: ‘1e Etat; Etude d'après Brughel’ Vervaardiging. Dated 1877, credited to Rijksmuseum. Anatomical atlases were expensive, slow to produce and copied freely, so a single good plate could shape teaching for a century, as in this 1877 example.
52. 1884 - Book Illustration, Art Anatomy, Pectoralis Major in Use, 1884 (CH 68775931). The image records book Illustration, Art Anatomy, Pectoralis Major in Use, 1884. Dated 1884, credited to William Rimmer. Anatomical atlases were expensive, slow to produce and copied freely, so a single good plate could shape teaching for a century, as in this 1884 example.
53. 1900 - How the king was killed. Illustration of where Umberto I of Italy was shot during his assassination; titled "How the king was killed" with the caption, "A prominent surgeon of this city illustrated for the Herald yesterday just how the assassin's bullets entered the body of King Humbert. Of the three shots fired one entered the fourth intercostal space, penetrating the heart; another struck the left collar bone, and the. Dated 1900, credited to Uncredited. Anatomical atlases were expensive, slow to produce and copied freely, so a single good plate could shape teaching for a century, as in this 1900 example.
54. 1905 - Waterston 1905 Heart and Pericardium Number 9 b21271252 001 0028. Heart and Pericardium. From: Edinburgh Stereoscopic Atlas of Anatomy. Dated 1905, credited to Waterston, David, 1871-1942. Anatomical atlases were expensive, slow to produce and copied freely, so a single good plate could shape teaching for a century, as in this 1905 example.
55. 1914 - Eerste Wereldoorlog, propaganda, ansichtkaarten, prentbriefkaarten, SFA002027352. Omschrijving: Eerste Wereldoorlog, propaganda, ansichtkaarten, prentbriefkaarten. Tekening, cartoon."Caramboleren". Dated 1914, credited to Gilbert B.. Anatomical atlases were expensive, slow to produce and copied freely, so a single good plate could shape teaching for a century, as in this 1914 example.
56. 1918 - Gray's Anatomy with markup showing carotid artery bifurcation. Rechte Arteria carotis aus Gray's Anatomy (1918). Dated 1918, credited to Gray513.png : Henry Gray derivative work: Skoch3 ( talk ). Anatomical atlases were expensive, slow to produce and copied freely, so a single good plate could shape teaching for a century, as in this 1918 example.
57. 1933 - Victims of bolshevik terror - postcard. "8 million Ukrainians who died of starvation in 1933 were victims of Bolshevik terror". A postcard published by Ukrainian Youth Association for the 15th anniversary of Holodomor. Dated 1933, credited to Ukrainian Youth Association. Anatomical atlases were expensive, slow to produce and copied freely, so a single good plate could shape teaching for a century, as in this 1933 example.
58. 1936 - Roentgenfilm I (1936). Wellcome Library traces Roentgenfilm I (1936), on material dated 1936. The record it provides is how the interior of the body became public knowledge.
59. 1945 - Een poster in Putten. De kustenaar Bezaan maakte een serie houtsnedes van de tra. Collectie / Archief : Fotocollectie Rijksvoorlichtingsdienst Eigen Reportage / Serie : [ onbekend ] Beschrijving : Een poster in Putten. De kustenaar Bezaan maakte een serie houtsnedes van de tragedie in Putten Datum : november 1945 Locatie : Putten Trefwoorden : houtsnedes, tweede wereldoorlog Persoonsnaam : Bezaan Fotograaf : Haren Noman, Theo van / Anefo Auteursrechthebbende : Nationaal. Dated 1945, credited to Theo van Haren Noman / Anefo. Before 1832 British anatomy schools depended on bodies taken from fresh graves, which is why mortsafes, watch houses and iron coffin cages exist.
60. 1950 - Moving Picture Demo...of Poliomyelitis Cases [Silent] (Maryland League for Crippled Children, 1950). National Library of Medicine surveys Moving Picture Demo...of Poliomyelitis Cases [Silent] (Maryland League for Crippled Children, 1950), on material dated 1950. This is the drawn body as evidence.
61. 1989 - 4167134294 d0cf029385 bTêteCoupe. A VERTICAL LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF A HUMAN HEAD MADE A LITTLE TO ONE SIDE (THE RIGHT) OF THE MEDIAN LINE. THE GREY MATTER OF THE BRAIN IS STAINED RED AND THE MUSCLES OF THE NECK ARE PAINTED A NATURAL TINT. Dated 1989 in the Commons record. Anatomical atlases were expensive, slow to produce and copied freely, so a single good plate could shape teaching for a century, as in this 1989 example.
62. 2006 - Specola 1. Museo di Storia Naturale di Firenze, Zoologia " La Specola ", Florence, Italy. Wax anatomical models. Dated 2006, credited to Lucarelli. Anatomical atlases were expensive, slow to produce and copied freely, so a single good plate could shape teaching for a century, as in this 2006 example.
63. 2007 - Dorsal muscles. An object held in the anatomy material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 2007, credited to User:Mikael Häggström. Anatomical atlases were expensive, slow to produce and copied freely, so a single good plate could shape teaching for a century, as in this 2007 example.
64. 2007 - Muscles anterior labeled. w:Collage of varius w:Gray's muscle pictures by Mikael Häggström ( User:Mikael Häggström ). Dated 2007 in the Commons record. Anatomical atlases were expensive, slow to produce and copied freely, so a single good plate could shape teaching for a century, as in this 2007 example.
65. 2007 - Muscle posterior. Collage of several of w:Gray's muscle pictures, by Mikael Häggström ( User:Mikael Häggström ). Dated 2007, credited to Mikael Häggström. Anatomical atlases were expensive, slow to produce and copied freely, so a single good plate could shape teaching for a century, as in this 2007 example.
66. 2008 - Centaur skeleton. "The Centaur of Tymfi". Centaur skeleton prepared and articulated by Skulls Unlimited International as a work for hire commissioned by Bill Willers. Dated 2008 in the Commons record. Anatomical atlases were expensive, slow to produce and copied freely, so a single good plate could shape teaching for a century, as in this 2008 example.
67. 2008-08-13 - Bones. Wellcome Collection records Bones, published in 2008. What it offers is the atlas, the model and the teaching room.
68. 2009-05-06 - UCLA Donated Body Program. UCLA Health examines UCLA Donated Body Program, published in 2009. The value here is the plate, the specimen and the lecture room.
69. 2009 - Calco de Diplodocus Museo Ciencias Naturales La Plata. This is a photo of an Argentine monument identified by the ID. Dated 2009, credited to Alexrebolledo. Anatomical atlases were expensive, slow to produce and copied freely, so a single good plate could shape teaching for a century, as in this 2009 example.
70. 2009-07-20 - Exquisite Bodies: historical anatomy models. Wellcome Collection covers Exquisite Bodies: historical anatomy models, published in 2009. It belongs here as structure taught before function was understood.
71. 2010-01-13 - Donating your body to science: Judy's Story. Western University traces Donating your body to science: Judy's Story, published in 2010. It belongs here as how the interior of the body became public knowledge.
72. 2010 - Portret van Herman Boerhaave (recto) Schets van een staande man (verso) - AM - 43572. An object held in the anatomy material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 2010, credited to Vermeulen, Monique. Anatomical atlases were expensive, slow to produce and copied freely, so a single good plate could shape teaching for a century, as in this 2010 example.
73. 2010 - Museum of osteology ungulate exhibits. Ungulate Skeletons on Display at The Museum of Osteology, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Dated 2010, credited to Sklmsta. Anatomical atlases were expensive, slow to produce and copied freely, so a single good plate could shape teaching for a century, as in this 2010 example.
74. 2010-12-13 - The Big Society: the Anatomy of the New Politics. Royal Society of Arts traces The Big Society: the Anatomy of the New Politics, published in 2010. It sits in the archive as how the interior of the body became public knowledge.
75. 2011 - Anatomischen Museum Basel 2. An object held in the anatomy material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 2011, credited to Mikatu. Anatomical atlases were expensive, slow to produce and copied freely, so a single good plate could shape teaching for a century, as in this 2011 example.
76. 2012-04-18 - Leonardo: Anatomist - by Nature Video. nature video surveys Leonardo: Anatomist, published in 2012. It belongs here as the drawn body as evidence.
77. 2012-05-02 - On the Workings of the Human Body (de Humani corporis fabrica) by Andreae Vesalii. Emory University documents On the Workings of the Human Body (de Humani corporis fabrica) by Andreae Vesalii, published in 2012. His former teacher Jacobus Sylvius answered the book by claiming the human body itself had changed since Galen studied it. The cheaper Epitome circulated more widely than the Fabrica it abridged.
78. 2012 - Anatomy model LPB Laos. Young Laotians figure out where the stomach, liver, and other organs belong, in a model of the human body. This anatomy model was one of many hands-on activities offered by the literacy project Big Brother Mouse at a city-wide "Discovery Days" festival. Dated 2012, credited to Blue Plover. Anatomical atlases were expensive, slow to produce and copied freely, so a single good plate could shape teaching for a century, as in this 2012 example.
79. 2012-07-09 - The Midnight Archive - Morbid Anatomy. The Midnight Archive documents The Midnight Archive - Morbid Anatomy, published in 2012. The value here is a record of how anatomical knowledge was made and shown.
80. 2012-10-04 - Donating Your Body to Science. UC San Francisco traces Donating Your Body to Science, published in 2012. What it offers is how the interior of the body became public knowledge.
81. 2012-10-05 - Basel 2012-10-05 Batch 2 (9). Mazeration (Zersetzung der Weichteile), Illustration im Buch De humani corporis fabrica, 1543. Dated 2012, credited to Andreas Vesalius. Vesalius published De humani corporis fabrica at Basel in June 1543, aged 28, printed by Johannes Oporinus. Modern scholars attribute its woodcuts to the studio of Titian, while the traditional attribution names Jan van Calcar, and the question stays open.
82. 2012-10-05 - Anatomy Museums: Past, Present and Future - Professor William Ayliffe. Gresham College examines Anatomy Museums: Past, Present and Future - Professor William Ayliffe, published in 2012. The record it provides is the plate, the specimen and the lecture room.
83. 2012-10-15 - The Human Body in Ancient Greek Art and Thought. Portland Art Museum presents The Human Body in Ancient Greek Art and Thought, published in 2012. Its place in the archive is the atlas, the model and the teaching room.
84. 2013-03-27 - Galen's Place in the History of Medicine. LaupusLibrary traces Galen's Place in the History of Medicine, published in 2013. Roman law prohibited human cadaver dissection from roughly 150 BC, so Galen dissected animals, mostly primates and pigs, and assumed a close correspondence with human anatomy. His errors included the rete mirabile, pores in the interventricular septum and blood originating in the liver, and humoral theory shaped Western medicine for more than 1,300 years.
85. 2013 - Moscow, VDNKh, anatomical models display. VDNKh (All-Russian Exhibition Center); Выставка достижений народного хозяйства (ВДНХ); Ausstellung der Errungenschaften der Volkswirtschaft (WDNCh). Dated 2013, credited to Gennady Grachev from Moscow, Russia. Anatomical atlases were expensive, slow to produce and copied freely, so a single good plate could shape teaching for a century, as in this 2013 example.
86. 2013 - Skulls Unlimited inventory. Some of the many skulls in Skulls Unlimited's inventory. Dated 2013, credited to JimJones1971. Anatomical atlases were expensive, slow to produce and copied freely, so a single good plate could shape teaching for a century, as in this 2013 example.
87. 2013 - Nobel Laureate in medicine Professor James E. Rothman – Nobel Lectures in Uppsala 2013. Uppsala universitet documents Nobel Laureate in medicine Professor James E. Rothman – Nobel Lectures in Uppsala 2013, on material dated 2013. Held for the atlas, the model and the teaching room.
88. 2013-12-10 - Useful bodies: anatomical Fellows in the late 18th century. The Royal Society sets out Useful bodies: anatomical Fellows in the late 18th century, published in 2013. Filed as anatomy as a printed and modelled object.
89. 2014 - ParasagittalBrain. Anatomical planes through a model of a human brain with eyes but excluding optic nerves, including median (red), parasagittal (yellow), frontal or coronal plane (green) and transverse or axial plane (blue). Dated 2014 in the Commons record. Anatomical atlases were expensive, slow to produce and copied freely, so a single good plate could shape teaching for a century, as in this 2014 example.
90. 2014-07-01 - Vivitur ingenio. The 500th anniversary of Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564). Cambridge University Library presents Vivitur ingenio. The 500th anniversary of Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564), on material dated 1514. Filed as the atlas, the model and the teaching room.
91. 2015-04-27 - The Body in the Book: The Fabrica and the Epitome (1543). Case Western Reserve University surveys The Body in the Book: The Fabrica and the Epitome (1543), on material dated 1543. Carried for the drawn body as evidence.
92. 2015-06-05 - Forensic human identification | The Search. Wellcome Collection records Forensic human identification, published in 2015. What it offers is a record of how the body was opened, drawn and taught.
93. 2015 - Didactic model of a mammal Kidney and adrenal gland. The image records didactic model of a mammal Kidney and adrenal gland. Teaching model representing different parts of the kidney and adrenal gland on display at the Museum of Veterinary Anatomy, FMVZ USP. Dated 2015, credited to Wagner Souza e Silva. Anatomical atlases were expensive, slow to produce and copied freely, so a single good plate could shape teaching for a century, as in this 2015 example.
94. 2016 - Modelo didatico bovino correto alt. Anatomy model of a bovine (cow), showing several organs and organic systems in left lateral view with the rumen highlighted in the foreground. Object exposed at the Museum of Veterinary Anatomy FMVZ USP. Dated 2016 in the Commons record. Anatomical atlases were expensive, slow to produce and copied freely, so a single good plate could shape teaching for a century, as in this 2016 example.
95. 2016 - Gray0026-horz. Desenvolvimento da placenta em mamíferos. Dated 2016, credited to Vinicius Rubiano. Anatomical atlases were expensive, slow to produce and copied freely, so a single good plate could shape teaching for a century, as in this 2016 example.
96. 2016-08-18 - Skeletons: our buried bones. Wellcome Collection covers Skeletons: our buried bones, published in 2016. This is structure taught before function was understood.
97. 2016-12-07 - Body of work: the silent teacher helping students learn anatomy. Cambridge University sets out Body of work: the silent teacher helping students learn anatomy, published in 2016. This is anatomy as a printed and modelled object.
98. 2017 - Human brain 01. Teaching model representing different parts of the encephalon on display at the Museum of Veterinary Anatomy, FMVZ USP. This file was published as the result of a partnership between the Museum of Veterinary Anatomy FMVZ USP, the RIDC NeuroMat and the Wikimedia Community User Group Brasil. Dated 2017 in the Commons record. Anatomical atlases were expensive, slow to produce and copied freely, so a single good plate could shape teaching for a century, as in this 2017 example.
99. 2017 - Cranio. Fosse temporale e infratemporale. Fosse temporale e infratemporale: arterie e nervi. Dated 2017, credited to ALEISF. Anatomical atlases were expensive, slow to produce and copied freely, so a single good plate could shape teaching for a century, as in this 2017 example.
100. 2018-01-12 - Muscle Relaxers - Mechanisms, Indications, Side Effects. PhysioPathoPharmaco presents Muscle Relaxers - Mechanisms, Indications, Side Effects, published in 2018. It belongs here as the atlas, the model and the teaching room.
101. 2018-01-29 - An Approach to Chest Pain. Strong Medicine records An Approach to Chest Pain, published in 2018. The value here is a record of how the body was opened, drawn and taught.
102. 2018-10-03 - The Vine Arm. NationalMuseumsScotland sets out The Vine Arm, published in 2018. It sits in the archive as anatomy as a printed and modelled object.
103. 2019 - Clothespin 1. This clip represents two skeletons dancing around, there are many skulls, surrounded by flowers and Swarovski stones as a symbol of love. Dated 2019, credited to IgalPreslerArtist. Anatomical atlases were expensive, slow to produce and copied freely, so a single good plate could shape teaching for a century, as in this 2019 example.
104. 2019-07-05 - Leonardo da Vinci: A Life in Drawing | In Conversation: Andrew Graham-Dixon and Martin Clayton. Royal Collection Trust presents Leonardo da Vinci: A Life in Drawing, published in 2019. It sits in the archive as the atlas, the model and the teaching room.
105. 2019-09-26 - RCSI marks new era in Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine. RCSI sets out RCSI marks new era in Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, published in 2019. It belongs here as anatomy as a printed and modelled object.
106. 2019-10-02 - How real forensic scientists identify bodies and solve crimes | with Prof Sue M. Black. The Royal Institution presents How real forensic scientists identify bodies and solve crimes, published in 2019. The value here is the atlas, the model and the teaching room.
107. 2020-04-06 - Das Josephinum – Ein Juwel im Umbau. Josephinum Wien presents Das Josephinum – Ein Juwel im Umbau, published in 2020. Its place in the archive is anatomy as a printed and modelled object.
108. 2020 - Ned Low Red Anatomy of Death Flag. An object held in the anatomy material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 2020, credited to RootOfAllLight. Anatomical atlases were expensive, slow to produce and copied freely, so a single good plate could shape teaching for a century, as in this 2020 example.
109. 2020-06-30 - Vesalius: De Humani Corporis Fabrica. UniSydneyLibrary examines Vesalius: De Humani Corporis Fabrica, published in 2020. It sits in the archive as the plate, the specimen and the lecture room.
110. 2021-01-29 - The Real Human Body: Internal Organs of the Thorax. Institute of Human Anatomy examines The Real Human Body: Internal Organs of the Thorax, published in 2021. Held for the plate, the specimen and the lecture room.
111. 2021-05-27 - What Tattoos Do to the Skin. Institute of Human Anatomy traces What Tattoos Do to the Skin, published in 2021. This is how the interior of the body became public knowledge.
112. 2021-06-04 - De Humani Corporis Fabrica, Andreas Vesalius. Western University covers De Humani Corporis Fabrica, Andreas Vesalius, published in 2021. Carried for structure taught before function was understood.
113. 2021 - Bisexual lighting skeleton. A 3D rendering of a skeleton with bisexual lighting, made using the software tool Unity. Dated 2021, credited to yitzilitt. Anatomical atlases were expensive, slow to produce and copied freely, so a single good plate could shape teaching for a century, as in this 2021 example.
114. 2021 - Nobel Prize lecture: David Julius, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2021. Nobel Prize records Nobel Prize lecture: David Julius, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2021, on material dated 2021. What it offers is the plate, the specimen and the lecture room.
115. 2021-11-03 - Reframed: Ethics of Anatomical Collections. Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow traces Reframed: Ethics of Anatomical Collections, published in 2021. Included as how the interior of the body became public knowledge.
116. 2021-12-03 - Museum Vrolik - Anatomy Stories 4: On Birth Defects & Superstition. Museum Vrolik surveys Museum Vrolik - Anatomy Stories 4: On Birth Defects & Superstition, published in 2021. Included as the drawn body as evidence.
117. 2022-06-09 - Histology Fundamentals: The Complete Overview. The Noted Anatomist records Histology Fundamentals: The Complete Overview, published in 2022. The record it provides is a record of how the body was opened, drawn and taught.
118. 2022-10-07 - How Your Bones Change With Exercise. Institute of Human Anatomy traces How Your Bones Change With Exercise, published in 2022. Its place in the archive is how the interior of the body became public knowledge.
119. 2022-10-14 - Lecture to mark World Anatomy Day: Anatomy anatomised by Professor Susan Standring. INSIGHTS Public Lectures presents Lecture to mark World Anatomy Day: Anatomy anatomised by Professor Susan Standring, published in 2022. Filed as the plate, the specimen and the lecture room.
120. 2022-12-08 - Nobel Prize lecture: Svante Pääbo, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2022. Nobel Prize records Nobel Prize lecture: Svante Pääbo, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2022, published in 2022. What it offers is a record of how anatomical knowledge was made and shown.
121. 2023-04-01 - Inside RCSI's Simulation Centre and Anatomy Room: Medicine Student Learning Facilities | Why RCSI?. RCSI Student Life surveys Inside RCSI's Simulation Centre and Anatomy Room: Medicine Student Learning Facilities, published in 2023. Held for the drawn body as evidence.
122. 2023-06-03 - Inside Body Worlds Museum Amsterdam. Inside Museums documents Inside Body Worlds Museum Amsterdam, published in 2023. Its place in the archive is a record of how anatomical knowledge was made and shown.
123. 2023 - Anatomy of the anal canal. An object held in the anatomy material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 2023 in the Commons record. Anatomical atlases were expensive, slow to produce and copied freely, so a single good plate could shape teaching for a century, as in this 2023 example.
124. 2023 - The female Anatomy. An object held in the anatomy material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 2023, credited to Stephanie cheks. Anatomical atlases were expensive, slow to produce and copied freely, so a single good plate could shape teaching for a century, as in this 2023 example.
125. 2023-11-01 - Vesalius: De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem. UniSydneyLibrary documents Vesalius: De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem, published in 2023. The value here is anatomy as a printed and modelled object.
126. 2023-12-28 - Physiologic pH and buffers - acid-base physiology. Osmosis from Elsevier covers Physiologic pH and buffers - acid-base physiology, published in 2023. The value here is structure taught before function was understood.
127. 2024 - Old Roger Flag. Pirates like Edward Low, Francis Spriggs, Charles Harris, and John Phillips used a black flag with a skeleton holding an hourglass in one hand and a spear stabbing a heart in the other. Dated 2024, credited to RootOfAllLight. Anatomical atlases were expensive, slow to produce and copied freely, so a single good plate could shape teaching for a century, as in this 2024 example.
128. 2025-05-17 - What Really Happens to Dead Bodies That Are Donated to Science. Institute of Human Anatomy records What Really Happens to Dead Bodies That Are Donated to Science, published in 2025. Held for a record of how the body was opened, drawn and taught.
129. 2025 - Nobel Prize lecture: Mary Brunkow, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2025. Nobel Prize records Nobel Prize lecture: Mary Brunkow, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2025, on material dated 2025. What it offers is anatomy as a printed and modelled object.
130. 2025-08-13 - The new medical innovations that could change everything - The Engineers, BBC World Service. BBC World Service examines The new medical innovations that could change everything - The Engineers, BBC World Service, published in 2025. It belongs here as the plate, the specimen and the lecture room.
131. 2025-08-22 - The Best Medical Museum in the UK? The Science Museum's Medical Collection - A Fully Guided Tour. The Museum Guide records The Best Medical Museum in the UK? The Science Museum's Medical Collection - A Fully Guided Tour, published in 2025. Banting, Best and Collip shared the insulin patent and sold it to the University of Toronto for one dollar in total, not one dollar each. The 1923 Nobel Prize went to Banting and Macleod; Banting split his half with Best and Macleod split the other half with Collip.
132. 2025-10-06 - Announcement of the 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Nobel Prize documents Announcement of the 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, published in 2025. Held for a record of how anatomical knowledge was made and shown.
133. 2026-02-20 - Vesalius de Fabrica. National Library of Medicine surveys Vesalius de Fabrica, published in 2026. It belongs here as a record of how the body was opened, drawn and taught.
134. 2026-06-25 - Beyond the Knife: Edinburgh- City of Medicine. Surgeons' Hall Museums sets out Beyond the Knife: Edinburgh- City of Medicine, published in 2026. The record it provides is anatomy as a printed and modelled object.