Ethics

Consent and its absence: Tuskegee, Guatemala, the Nuremberg Code, Henrietta Lacks, thalidomide. Stated once, factually, without dwelling. This facet exists because the rest of the archive would be dishonest without it.

Part of Medicine

94 moments in this segment.

  1. - Bacteria used to make wheat seeds nearly immune to wheat take-all. "Wheat seeds treated with bacteria like those colonized in this petri dish are nearly immune to wheat take-all, a root-destroying fungal disease. The sequencing gel in the background bears the genetic code for bacterial enzymes that synthesize natural antibiotics.". Dated 1, credited to Jack Dykinga. Medical ethics is largely written after the fact, and each rule marks a harm that was already done.
  2. - Jörg breu il vecchio, fuga in egitto, 1501. An object held in the ethics material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 1501, credited to Sailko. The documents matter because they are what turned a principle into something enforceable.
  3. - A gynaecological physician seducing a patient. The image records a gynaecological physician seducing a patient. Colour lithograph, 1852. Dated 1852 in the Commons record. Consent moved from an assumption to a signature only after it was demonstrably absent.
  4. - Siltasaarenkatu with Ympyrätalo and entrance to Hakaniemi metro station on the afternoon of Ind. A view of the street Siltasaarenkatu in Hakaniemi, Helsinki, Finland on the afternoon of the Independence Day 2022. In the background on the left is the Ympyrätalo office building. Dated 1917, credited to JIP. The Declaration of Helsinki of 1964 and the ethics review apparatus that followed exist because consent had to be written down before it could be enforced.
  5. - Hela (ship, 1940). An object held in the ethics material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 1940, credited to Semut23A. Henrietta Lacks's cells were taken without her knowledge or consent in 1951 and became the HeLa line. Her family fought for recognition for decades, and in February 2026 they settled with Novartis, with suits against others still open.
  6. - Paul H. Gantt. Gantt was an assistant prosecutor for the Nuremberg Trials from 1945-1949. Dated 1945, credited to OMGUS Germany. The Doctors' Trial, USA v. Brandt, returned its verdict on 20 August 1947 against Karl Brandt and 22 others. The Nuremberg Code that followed opens with the principle that the voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential. It was never adopted as law by any nation.
  7. - Witness Albert Kesselring photographed at Nuremberg Trials. German Luftwaffe Generalfeldmarschall Albert Kesselring photographed at a table in a room, with pencil and paper in hand. Kesselring was a witness at the Nuremberg Trials, where this photograph was taken. Dated 1945, credited to United States Army Signal Corps photographer. The Doctors' Trial, USA v. Brandt, returned its verdict on 20 August 1947 against Karl Brandt and 22 others. The Nuremberg Code that followed opens with the principle that the voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential. It was never adopted as law by any nation.
  8. - Nuremberg Trials. Looking down on defendants dock, circa 1945-1946. - NARA - 540127. General notes: Use War and Conflict Number 1296 when ordering a reproduction or requesting information about this image. Dated 1945, credited to Unknown author Unknown author or not provided. The Doctors' Trial, USA v. Brandt, returned its verdict on 20 August 1947 against Karl Brandt and 22 others. The Nuremberg Code that followed opens with the principle that the voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential. It was never adopted as law by any nation.
  9. - The Nuremberg Trials (1945). British Pathé records The Nuremberg Trials (1945), on material dated 1945. The Doctors' Trial, USA v. Brandt, returned its verdict on 20 August 1947 against Karl Brandt and 22 other defendants. The Nuremberg Code's first principle is that the voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential.
  10. - Ernest D. Diggs, Typist in the Office of the Chief of Counsel for War Crimes, 1947. Diggs, Typist in the Office of the Chief of Counsel for War Crimes, during the Doctors' Trial, 9 December 1946-20 August 1947 (first of the Subsequent Nuremberg Trials) held at the Palace of Justice, Nuremberg). Dated 1946, credited to Office of Military Government, United States (OMGUS). Reform in medical research has usually followed disclosure by an insider rather than internal review.
  11. - Captain Sara Kruskall. The image records captain Sara Kruskall, U.S. Army officer and administrative member of the International Military Tribunal. Dated 1946, credited to Office of Military Government for Germany (OMGUS). Codes are written in response to specific cases, so their clauses can be read as a list of what went wrong.
  12. - John Amen interrogating Rudolf Hess. John Amen was an Army Intelligence officer; prosecutor and head of the Interrogation Division, Nuremberg trials. Dated 1946, credited to OMGUS Germany. Enforcement mattered more than declaration, and most early codes had no enforcement at all.
  13. - Leonard Wheeler IMT. Leonard Wheeler, Jr. was a lawyer and colonel in the United States Army Signal Corps during WWII. Dated 1946, credited to United States Army Signal Corps. Journalism and litigation exposed more research abuses than professional oversight did.
  14. - Walter Kuntze, defendant in the Hostages Trial (2). The image records walter Kuntze, defendant in the Hostages Trial, 1946-1949, held at the Palace of Justice, Nuremberg. Dated 1946, credited to Office of Military Government for Germany, United States. Record-keeping is central here, since consent that is not documented cannot be demonstrated.
  15. - Agnes Nath-Schreiber. The image records agnes Nath-Schreiber, Judges' Trial defense counsel. Dated 1947, credited to OMGUS. Patient advocacy organisations changed research practice by demanding a place in it.
  16. - Hans Laternser, defense attorney. Hans Laternser was a defense attorney who argued for Wilhelm List during the Nuremberg trials. Dated 1947, credited to OMGUS (Office of Military Government for Germany (U.S.)). The vulnerable populations named in these documents are the ones the earlier abuses had used.
  17. - Hermann Reinecke, defendant in High Command Trial. The image records hermann Reinecke, defendant in the High Command Trial, 30 December 1947-28 October 1948 (twelfth of the Subsequent Nuremberg Trials) held at the Palace of Justice, Nuremberg. Dated 1947, credited to Office of Military Government for Germany, United States. Medical ethics is largely written after the fact, and each rule marks a harm that was already done.
  18. - Otto Schniewind, defendant in High Command Trial. The image records otto Schniewind, defendant in the High Command Trial, 30 December 1947-28 October 1948 (twelfth of the Subsequent Nuremberg Trials) held at the Palace of Justice, Nuremberg. Dated 1947, credited to Office of Military Government for Germany, United States. The documents matter because they are what turned a principle into something enforceable.
  19. - Fritz ter Meer during sentencing at IG Farben Trial. The image records fritz ter Meer during sentencing at IG Farben Trial, 27 August 1947-30 July 1948 (sixth of the Subsequent Nuremberg Trials) held at the Palace of Justice, Nuremberg. Dated 1948 in the Commons record. Consent moved from an assumption to a signature only after it was demonstrably absent.
  20. - Martin Sandberger during sentencing, Einsatzgruppen Trial. The image records martin Sandberger during sentencing at the Einsatzgruppen Trial, 29 September 1947-10 April 1948 (ninth of the Subsequent Nuremberg Trials) held at the Palace of Justice, Nuremberg. Dated 1948 in the Commons record. Reform in medical research has usually followed disclosure by an insider rather than internal review.
  21. - Werner Braune during sentencing at Einsatzgruppen Trial. The image records werner Braune during sentencing at the Einsatzgruppen Trial, 29 September 1947-10 April 1948 (ninth of the Subsequent Nuremberg Trials) held at the Palace of Justice, Nuremberg. Dated 1948 in the Commons record. Codes are written in response to specific cases, so their clauses can be read as a list of what went wrong.
  22. - Rudolf Kastner, 1950s. Rudolf (Israel) Kastner (1906, 1957). The original version of this image, File:Rudolf Kastner at Kol Yisrael, early 1950s.jpg, says that it shows Kastner in a broadcasting booth at Kol Yisrael, an Israeli state radio station, where he hosted a program in Hungarian. Dated 1948, credited to Unknown author Unknown author. ACT UP was founded on 12 March 1987 in New York after a speech by Larry Kramer. Medical ethics is largely written after the fact, and each rule marks a harm that was already done.
  23. - Alain Beretz par Claude Truong-Ngoc 2013. Alain Beretz, né en 1954, est un universitaire, professeur de pharmacologie français. Dated 1954, credited to Photo Claude TRUONG-NGOC. Enforcement mattered more than declaration, and most early codes had no enforcement at all.
  24. - Francoise Baylis-5 Cropped. Francoise Baylis Françoise Elvina Baylis (born 1961) is a Canadian bioethicist whose work is at the intersection of applied ethics, health policy, and practice. Dated 1961, credited to XhenetaM. Journalism and litigation exposed more research abuses than professional oversight did.
  25. - HELA Varimot 14. seltener Varimot-Lader der Firma Hermann Lanz mit Farymann-Einzylinder; Baujahr 1963; 14 PS; Bulldog, Dampf und Diesel Markkleeberg 2017. Dated 1963, credited to Manataworf. Henrietta Lacks's cells were taken without her knowledge or consent in 1951 and became the HeLa line. Her family fought for recognition for decades, and in February 2026 they settled with Novartis, with suits against others still open.
  26. - Hela D434 (1967, 34 PS). Hela D434, year of manufacturing: 1967, 34 HP. Dated 1967, credited to Wleiter. Henrietta Lacks's cells were taken without her knowledge or consent in 1951 and became the HeLa line. Her family fought for recognition for decades, and in February 2026 they settled with Novartis, with suits against others still open.
  27. - Hela D254A (1971, 60 PS). Hela D254A, year of manufacturing: 1971, 60 HP. Dated 1971, credited to Wleiter. Henrietta Lacks's cells were taken without her knowledge or consent in 1951 and became the HeLa line. Her family fought for recognition for decades, and in February 2026 they settled with Novartis, with suits against others still open.
  28. - Helsinki Accords Signed - 1975 | Today In History | 1 Aug 17. AP Archive records Helsinki Accords Signed - 1975, on material dated 1975. Included as documented harm and the rule written after it.
  29. - Hela D260 (1978, 70 PS). An object held in the ethics material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 1978, credited to Wleiter. Record-keeping is central here, since consent that is not documented cannot be demonstrated.
  30. - The Tuskegee Experiment (1990). THE HISTORICAL MEMORY RECOVERY CHANNEL examines The Tuskegee Experiment (1990), on material dated 1990. The Public Health Service study at Tuskegee ran from 1932 to 1972 in Macon County, Alabama, and enrolled 600 men, 399 with latent syphilis and 201 controls. The men were never deliberately infected. They already had the disease at enrolment, and what was done to them was to withhold treatment and to deceive them about their diagnosis.
  31. - Pres. Clinton's Remarks on Human Radiation Experiments (1995). clintonlibrary42 traces Pres. Clinton's Remarks on Human Radiation Experiments (1995), on material dated 1995. The value here is how consent became a requirement.
  32. - Thalidomide syntehsis. Muller et al.'s two-step thalidomide synthesis. Dated 1999, credited to Mpagan2. Thalidomide caused severe birth defects across the countries that licensed it. Frances Kelsey withheld US approval, and the disaster produced the modern drug regulation regime.
  33. - Hela grün. An object held in the ethics material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 2006, credited to Späth Chr. (user ChiemseeMan ). Patient advocacy organisations changed research practice by demanding a place in it.
  34. - Human Experimentation for National Security Purposes. University of California Television surveys Human Experimentation for National Security Purposes, published in 2008. Kept as the paperwork that now stands between researcher and subject.
  35. - Freedom, A welcomed reality DVIDS118668. A guarantor signs a consent form as one of the conditions of the detainee release. Seventy-one detainees were released during a ceremony at the Um Al-Qura Mosque in the northwest Baghdad neighborhood of Ghazaliyah, Sept. Dated 2008 in the Commons record. The Declaration of Helsinki of 1964 and the ethics review apparatus that followed exist because consent had to be written down before it could be enforced.
  36. - Researcher 'Floored' by Discovery of Intentional Infections in Guatemala. PBS NewsHour examines Researcher 'Floored' by Discovery of Intentional Infections in Guatemala, published in 2010. The Guatemala experiments of 1946 to 1948 are the ones in which researchers deliberately infected prisoners and patients, and they involved Johns Hopkins, Bristol-Myers Squibb and the Rockefeller Foundation. Conflating Guatemala with Tuskegee is the standard error on this subject, and the two studies did different things.
  37. - 9. Death, Dying, and Assisted Suicide, Part 1 [Ethics at the Edge of Life]. Biola University presents 9. Death, Dying, and Assisted Suicide, Part 1 [Ethics at the Edge of Life], published in 2010. Held for research governance and how it was forced.
  38. - Legacy of eugenics: mini-lecture (UCL). UCL documents Legacy of eugenics: mini-lecture (UCL), published in 2011. Held for what was done, to whom, and what changed.
  39. - S-Thalidomide-3D-spacefill. Space-filling model of the thalidomide molecule, an infamous sedative drug that caused severe birth defects when pregnant women took it. This image shows the teratogenic S isomer. Dated 2011, credited to Jynto ( talk ). Thalidomide caused severe birth defects across the countries that licensed it. Frances Kelsey withheld US approval, and the disaster produced the modern drug regulation regime.
  40. - Research Ethics. Yale University covers Research Ethics, published in 2011. This is governance written in response to harm.
  41. - Tulane 2011 Reading Project - The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks. Tulane University sets out Tulane 2011 Reading Project - The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks, published in 2011. Included as the wrong, the exposure and the reform.
  42. - Exploring Ethics (Henrietta Lacks): What The Public Needs To Know About Clinical Trials. University of California Television presents Exploring Ethics (Henrietta Lacks): What The Public Needs To Know About Clinical Trials, published in 2011. This is the record of consent and its absence.
  43. - Exploring Ethics (Henrietta Lacks): Science Literacy and Underserved Populations. University of California Television sets out Exploring Ethics (Henrietta Lacks): Science Literacy and Underserved Populations, published in 2012. Carried for the record of consent and its absence.
  44. - Exploring Ethics: Is Henrietta Lacks Really Immortal?. University of California Television records Exploring Ethics: Is Henrietta Lacks Really Immortal?, published in 2012. What it offers is what was done, to whom, and what changed.
  45. - Apology to Survivors of the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment. clintonlibrary42 records Apology to Survivors of the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment, published in 2012. President Clinton apologised at the White House on 16 May 1997, calling what the government did shameful and racist. Carried for documented harm and the rule written after it.
  46. - Ethics of Organ Donation and Transplantation: An International Perspective - Francis Delmonico. The University of Chicago surveys Ethics of Organ Donation and Transplantation: An International Perspective - Francis Delmonico, published in 2012. Filed as what was done, to whom, and what changed.
  47. - Bioethics and the Problem of Informed Consent. Yale Divinity School documents Bioethics and the Problem of Informed Consent, published in 2013. The record it provides is what was done, to whom, and what changed.
  48. - Jean-François Mattei par Claude Truong-Ngoc 2013. Jean-François Mattei, né le 14 janvier 1943 à Lyon, est un médecin et homme politique français. Dated 2013, credited to Photo Claude TRUONG-NGOC. The vulnerable populations named in these documents are the ones the earlier abuses had used.
  49. - Henrietta Lacks' 'Immortal' Impact on Medical Research. PBS NewsHour presents Henrietta Lacks' 'Immortal' Impact on Medical Research, published in 2013. Included as the record of consent and its absence.
  50. - Seminar Series: HeLa cells, the Lacks Family, and Whole Genome Sequencing. Berman Institute documents Seminar Series: HeLa cells, the Lacks Family, and Whole Genome Sequencing, published in 2013. The value here is what was done, to whom, and what changed.
  51. - Informed Consent. National Academies presents Informed Consent, published in 2014. Kept as research governance and how it was forced.
  52. - The Declaration of Helsinki and placebo use. Indiana University School of Medicine records The Declaration of Helsinki and placebo use, published in 2014. It belongs here as documented harm and the rule written after it.
  53. - The Guatemala STD Experiments: What they are, how they happened, and why they matter to you. Rock Ethics Institute records The Guatemala STD Experiments: What they are, how they happened, and why they matter to you, published in 2014. It belongs here as what was done, to whom, and what changed.
  54. - Eugenics at UCL: The Race Scientist. UCL covers Eugenics at UCL: The Race Scientist, published in 2014. Its place in the archive is governance written in response to harm.
  55. - Eugenics@UCL: In the #GaltonLectureTheatre. UCL traces Eugenics@UCL: In the #GaltonLectureTheatre, published in 2014. Included as how consent became a requirement.
  56. - Introduction to Bioethics: Bioethics at the Beginning of Life. The Kennedy Institute of Ethics examines Introduction to Bioethics: Bioethics at the Beginning of Life, published in 2014. The value here is the wrong, the exposure and the reform.
  57. - Introduction to Bioethics: Bioethics at the End of Life. The Kennedy Institute of Ethics covers Introduction to Bioethics: Bioethics at the End of Life, published in 2014. It belongs here as governance written in response to harm.
  58. - Introduction to Bioethics: Bioethics at the Bedside. The Kennedy Institute of Ethics presents Introduction to Bioethics: Bioethics at the Bedside, published in 2014. This is research governance and how it was forced.
  59. - Introduction to Bioethics: Bioethics & the Human Body. The Kennedy Institute of Ethics examines Introduction to Bioethics: Bioethics & the Human Body, published in 2014. What it offers is the wrong, the exposure and the reform.
  60. - "Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment: A Tragedy of Race and Medicine" by James H. Jones (Oct 29, 2015). Stony Brook University traces "Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment: A Tragedy of Race and Medicine" by James H. Jones (Oct 29, 2015), published in 2015. Penicillin became standard treatment in 1947 and was deliberately withheld, and no participant received adequate therapy across forty years. Peter Buxtun took the study to the press and Jean Heller of the Associated Press published on 25 July 1972; the study ended on 16 November 1972.
  61. - IPPCR 2016: Ethical Principles in Clinical Research. NIH VideoCast records IPPCR 2016: Ethical Principles in Clinical Research, published in 2016. This is documented harm and the rule written after it.
  62. - The immortal cells of Henrietta Lacks - Robin Bulleri. TED records The immortal cells of Henrietta Lacks - Robin Bulleri, published in 2016. What it offers is documented harm and the rule written after it.
  63. - Montgomery: a dramatic change in the law on patient consent?: James Badenoch QC. Cambridge Law Faculty examines Montgomery: a dramatic change in the law on patient consent?: James Badenoch QC, published in 2016. It belongs here as the wrong, the exposure and the reform.
  64. - AIDS Activist Larry Kramer & RFTCA President Kambiz Shekdar. The image records aIDS Activist Larry Kramer & RFTCA President Kambiz Shekdar at Gay Men's Health Crisis (GMHC)'s World AIDS Day at the New York Public Library in Oct 2016. Photo Credit: Bailey House CEO Gina Quattroci. Dated 2016, credited to KambizShekdar. ACT UP was founded on 12 March 1987 in New York after a speech by Larry Kramer. Medical ethics is largely written after the fact, and each rule marks a harm that was already done.
  65. - Henrietta Lacks | Her Impact and Our Outreach. Johns Hopkins Medicine traces Henrietta Lacks, published in 2016. The family did not learn of the cells until 1975, through a chance dinner party conversation. Thermo Fisher settled with the family on 31 July 2023 on undisclosed terms, and in February 2026 the family settled with Novartis, with other suits ongoing.
  66. - Cells for Sale? Business Ethics, Medical Ethics, and Henrietta Lacks. College of Saint Benedict and Saint John's University Digital Commons documents Cells for Sale? Business Ethics, Medical Ethics, and Henrietta Lacks, published in 2017. Carried for what was done, to whom, and what changed.
  67. - Introduction to Henrietta Lacks with author Rebecca Skloot. Harvard Online records Introduction to Henrietta Lacks with author Rebecca Skloot, published in 2017. Filed as documented harm and the rule written after it.
  68. - Letters to Dr. Kelsey: Thalidomide and the Quest for Good Science in the Nuclear Age. Media Studies At Vancouver Island University records Letters to Dr. Kelsey: Thalidomide and the Quest for Good Science in the Nuclear Age, published in 2017. Chemie Grünenthal marketed thalidomide from 1957 as Contergan and withdrew it in 1961, after more than 10,000 children were born with severe deformities across 46 countries. Frances Oldham Kelsey, hired by the FDA in 1960, used the 60 day approval window repeatedly against the Richardson-Merrell application for Kevadon, objecting that there were no animal studies showing fetal safety.
  69. - Management & ethics - Simon Fleming MRCS. The Royal College of Surgeons of England records Management & ethics - Simon Fleming MRCS, published in 2017. Alexander Fleming returned to his laboratory on 3 September 1928 to find the contaminated plate, named penicillin on 7 March 1929, and reported it in May 1929 to little attention. Howard Florey, Ernst Chain and Norman Heatley made penicillin a drug at Oxford, with the decisive mouse experiment on 25 May 1940.
  70. - Legal requirements for ritual slaughter in Europe 2018. The image records legal requirements for ritual slaughter in Europe 2018. Stunning not required Post-cut stunning required Simultaneous stunning required Pre-cut stunning required Ritual slaughter banned No data. Dated 2018, credited to Nederlandse Leeuw , based on File:Blank_map_europe.png .. The documents matter because they are what turned a principle into something enforceable.
  71. - Medical Law and Ethics Introduction. University of London Postgraduate Laws documents Medical Law and Ethics Introduction, published in 2019. Its place in the archive is what was done, to whom, and what changed.
  72. - 20191017 BBC 100 Women 2019 img20 Artist Amy Karle. BBC 100 Women 2019 | The Female Future London Conference at BBC Radio Theatre Thursday, 17 October 2019 "Futurism - the act of predicting and shaping the future - is dominated by men. But we're asking: What would the future look like if it were driven by women? Dated 2019, credited to Igbofur. The documents matter because they are what turned a principle into something enforceable.
  73. - Nuclear envelope of one cancerous HeLa cell. One cancerous HeLa (Henrietta Lacks) cell was observed with electron microscopy. The cell consisted of stack of 300 slices. Dated 2020, credited to Creyes. Consent moved from an assumption to a signature only after it was demonstrably absent.
  74. - Demystifying the IRB Part 1: What is the IRB and Why Should I Care?. Research That Reaches Out Mercer University covers Demystifying the IRB Part 1: What is the IRB and Why Should I Care?, published in 2020. It belongs here as the paperwork that now stands between researcher and subject.
  75. - A History of Eugenics. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum examines A History of Eugenics, published in 2020. The record it provides is the wrong, the exposure and the reform.
  76. - The history and ethics of HeLa cells | e4s bite. Babraham Institute covers The history and ethics of HeLa cells, published in 2020. It sits in the archive as governance written in response to harm.
  77. - Henrietta Lacks: The 'immortal' cells that changed the world - BBC REEL. BBC Global documents Henrietta Lacks: The 'immortal' cells that changed the world - BBC REEL, published in 2020. Henrietta Lacks was born on 1 August 1920 and died on 4 October 1951, aged 31, treated at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore. Howard W. Jones took the biopsy and George Otto Gey cultured the cells, and no consent was required under the practice of the time, which is the whole point of the case.
  78. - Ugly History: The U.S. Syphilis Experiment - Susan M. Reverby. TED records Ugly History: The U.S. Syphilis Experiment - Susan M. Reverby, published in 2021. The value here is documented harm and the rule written after it.
  79. - Henrietta Lacks statue, Bristol, RHS. Bronze statue of Henrietta Lacks by sculptor Helen Wilson-Roe located at Royal Fort House, Bristol. The statue was unveiled in October 2021. Dated 2021, credited to 14GTR. Reform in medical research has usually followed disclosure by an insider rather than internal review.
  80. - Nursing Ethics Explained: Handling Ethical Dilemmas in Practice ⚖️. Lecturio Nursing presents Nursing Ethics Explained: Handling Ethical Dilemmas in Practice ⚖️, published in 2021. Included as research governance and how it was forced.
  81. - 2021 SHINE Conference | IRB Basics. Johns Hopkins Medicine sets out 2021 SHINE Conference, published in 2021. The record it provides is the record of consent and its absence.
  82. - History of Clinical Research: Blinded Studies, Randomization, and Medical Research Ethics Part 4. NIH VideoCast traces History of Clinical Research: Blinded Studies, Randomization, and Medical Research Ethics Part 4, published in 2022. It sits in the archive as how consent became a requirement.
  83. - MK-Ultra: The shocking Cold War experiments hidden by the CIA - BBC REEL. BBC Global presents MK-Ultra: The shocking Cold War experiments hidden by the CIA - BBC REEL, published in 2022. It sits in the archive as research governance and how it was forced.
  84. - The IRB Process. University of Bridgeport surveys The IRB Process, published in 2022. This is the paperwork that now stands between researcher and subject.
  85. - The schematic diagram of TALENs. The structural difference between TALENs and ZFPs is that TALENs use the transcription-activator-like effector (TALE) as their binding domain, and the binding function mainly depends on highly variable amino acids at the 12th and 13th position on the TALE. In combination with them, a single base can be specifically identified. Dated 2022, credited to Ye, Runle, Xi Yang, and Yuchun Rao. Codes are written in response to specific cases, so their clauses can be read as a list of what went wrong.
  86. - NLM History Lecture - A Brief History of Eugenics in America. National Library of Medicine records NLM History Lecture - A Brief History of Eugenics in America, published in 2022. It sits in the archive as documented harm and the rule written after it.
  87. - Cervical cancer: the legacy of Henrietta Lacks. World Health Organization surveys Cervical cancer: the legacy of Henrietta Lacks, published in 2022. Filed as the paperwork that now stands between researcher and subject.
  88. - Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects || Research Ethics. Ask Your Pharmacist Maryum traces Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects || Research Ethics, published in 2023. Its place in the archive is how consent became a requirement.
  89. - Ivan Martinez, "Science and Ethics of HeLa Cells". Andrews University sets out Ivan Martinez, "Science and Ethics of HeLa Cells", published in 2023. The value here is the record of consent and its absence.
  90. - The Eugenics Crusade | Full Documentary | AMERICAN EXPERIENCE | PBS. American Experience surveys The Eugenics Crusade, published in 2024. Carried for the paperwork that now stands between researcher and subject.
  91. - 24-09-26 Formulario S&B 2024 Dymecki firma oscurata. formulario per la Serotonin & BEYOND Conference. Under the Leaning Tower (25-27 settembre 2024). Dated 2024 in the Commons record. Enforcement mattered more than declaration, and most early codes had no enforcement at all.
  92. - A new way to donate organs—is it ethical? | Harrison Lee | TEDxUniversityofMississippi. TEDx Talks sets out A new way to donate organs, is it ethical?, published in 2025. What it offers is the record of consent and its absence.
  93. - The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment The Government’s 40 Year Betrayal. Silent Archive: Dark History covers The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment The Government’s 40 Year Betrayal, published in 2026. Included as governance written in response to harm.
  94. - The Tuskegee Syphilis Study. Anino Archives documents The Tuskegee Syphilis Study, published in 2026. This is what was done, to whom, and what changed.
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