Herbals

The illustrated plant book, from Dioscorides through the great printed herbals. For most of history the pharmacy was a garden, and these are its catalogues.

Part of Medicine

108 moments in this segment.

  1. - 66-Erbario inglese - 1200 ca. Herbal 66-Erbario inglese. Dated 1200 in the Commons record. A herbal had to be accurate enough to prevent a fatal misidentification, which is why botanical illustration developed such precision.
  2. - Warrior with the Plant Kestron, De Materia Medica of Dioscorides, Iraq 1224. The image records warrior with the Plant Kestron, De Materia Medica of Dioscorides, Iraq 1224. Harvard Art Museums “Official” Turkish figures wear a standard combination of a sharbūsh, a three-quarters length robe, and boots. Dated 1224, credited to 13th century artist. Dioscorides compiled De Materia Medica in the first century CE, and it remained a working reference in Europe and the Islamic world for more than 1,500 years.
  3. - Antonius Musa, De herba vettonica, 13th century.. Whole page including illustration of bear. Archives & Manuscripts. Dated 1250 in the Commons record. Most of the world's drugs began as plants, and the herbal is where that knowledge was first written down.
  4. - Chinese Materia Medica illustration, Ming; Cinnabar. Traced copy of an illustration fromBencao pinhui jingyao(Materia Medica Containing Essential and Important Material Arranged in Systematic Order, completed 1505), in red and black ink. In 1503, the Ming emperor Li Zong put imperial physician Liu Wentai in charge of compiling a new herbal (bencao). Dated 1368, credited to Wang Shichang et al. (Ming period, 1368-1644). Dioscorides compiled De Materia Medica in the first century CE, and it remained a working reference in Europe and the Islamic world for more than 1,500 years.
  5. - Bencao Gangmu -- Ming materia medica, Trifoliate orange, etc.. Li Shizhen's monumental pharmaceutical encyclopediaBencao gangmu(Systematic Materia Medica) contains entries on 1892 medicinal substances and 1109 illustrations. The illustrations in the first edition (shown here) are credited to his son Li Jianyuan.Gouju(trifoliate orange),suanzao(spine date),shanzhuyu(dogwood),zhizi(cape jasmine, Gardenia jasminoides Ellis),ruihe(Prinsepia uniflora Batal.). Dated 1368, credited to Li Jianyuan (Ming period, 1368-1644). Dioscorides compiled De Materia Medica in the first century CE, and it remained a working reference in Europe and the Islamic world for more than 1,500 years.
  6. - Lääkekirja. The first page of Naantali monastery's herbal in manuscript A 49. Nådendals klosterbook (Stockholm, National Library). Dated 1442, credited to Andrea Davis Kronlund, Kungliga biblioteket. Woodcut, engraving and lithography each changed what a botanical plate could show.
  7. - Dioscorides De Materia Medica Byzantium 15th century. 1450, credited to PHGCOM. Herbals mixed observation with inherited text, and separating the two is much of the scholarship on them.
  8. - Ringelblume 1479 - 1532. An object held in the herbals material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 1479, credited to Unknown author Unknown author. Colouring was often applied by hand after printing, so two copies of one herbal can differ substantially.
  9. - Aquilegia vulgaris - Auslasser - Gart der Gesundheit. An object held in the herbals material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 1479, credited to Vitus Auslasser und Ewald Reuwich. Monastery and university gardens preserved species and the knowledge of using them.
  10. - Berberus Versitz Versyg Saurrauch. Abbildung des Sauerrauch Berberis vulgaris. Dated 1484, credited to Unknown author Unknown author. Doctrine of signatures reasoning shaped which plants were tried for which complaint.
  11. - Schoeffer Herbarius 1484. Spread from Herbarius printed by Peter Schöffer in 1484. Copy of the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek. Dated 1484, credited to Peter Schöffer. Plant collecting was tied to trade and empire, and the herbal records where the specimens came from.
  12. - ERDRAUCH. An object held in the herbals material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 1485, credited to Unknown author Unknown author. A herbal had to be accurate enough to prevent a fatal misidentification, which is why botanical illustration developed such precision.
  13. - Gart 1485. Succisa pratensis. An object held in the herbals material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 1485, credited to Unknown author Unknown author. Most of the world's drugs began as plants, and the herbal is where that knowledge was first written down.
  14. - Elleborus niger, from Vicneza, Herbarius Latinus, 1491. An object held in the herbals material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 1491 in the Commons record. Medicinal plants moved along trade routes, and the herbals record which ones arrived and when.
  15. - Famine Relief Herbal (1593); Adsuki bean. Woodcut illustration of the adsuki bean (chi xiaodou) fromJiuhuang bencao(The Famine Relief Herbal), edition of 1593 (21st year of the Wanli reign period of the Ming dynasty, Gui Si year). This herbal was compiled by Prince Zhu Su (?-1425), fifth son of the Ming Taizu Emperor (r. Dated 1525 in the Commons record. Medicinal plants moved along trade routes, and the herbals record which ones arrived and when.
  16. - Famine Relief Herbal (1593); Lotus root. Woodcut illustration of lotus root (lian'ou) fromJiuhuang bencao(The Famine Relief Herbal), edition of 1593 (21st year of the Wanli reign period of the Ming dynasty, Gui Si year). This herbal was compiled by Prince Zhu Su (?-1425), fifth son of the Ming Taizu Emperor (r. Dated 1525 in the Commons record. The same plant carried different names in every region, so the picture often did the work the text could not.
  17. - Charles de l'Ecluse, Exoticorum libri decem (Antwerp, 1605). Image of Nardus (nard grass, page R5v) and Hirculus veterum (spikenard) from Charles de l'Ecluse, Exoticorum libri decem (Ten books of exotica: the history and uses of animals, plants, aromatics and other natural products from distant lands). With mythological figures, including Minerva, Atlas and Pomona(?), lions, dolphins and a peacock, and extensive illustrations in the text. Dated 1526 in the Commons record. The same plant carried different names in every region, so the picture often did the work the text could not.
  18. - Charles de l'Ecluse, Exoticorum libri decem (Antwerp, 1605). Image of Anacardio (cashew nut, page R3v) from Charles de l'Ecluse, Exoticorum libri decem (Ten books of exotica: the history and uses of animals, plants, aromatics and other natural products from distant lands). With mythological figures, including Minerva, Atlas and Pomona(?), lions, dolphins and a peacock, and extensive illustrations in the text. Dated 1526 in the Commons record. Many modern drugs are refinements of compounds first isolated from plants recorded in these books.
  19. - Guntzel. Abbildung von "Guldin Guntzel" im deutschen Kreuterbuch des Otto Brunfels vom Jahre 1532, S. Dated 1532, credited to Hans Weiditz. Plant collecting was tied to trade and empire, and the herbal records where the specimens came from.
  20. - Rösslin 1533 - Ehrhart 1783. An object held in the herbals material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 1533, credited to Unknown author Unknown author. A herbal had to be accurate enough to prevent a fatal misidentification, which is why botanical illustration developed such precision.
  21. - Leonhart Fuchs01. Heinrich Fullmaurer, woodcuts (left) and Albrecht Meyer, artist, preparing plates for "De historia stirpium", Basle 1542. Dated 1542, credited to Leonhart Fuchs (1501-1566). Leonhart Fuchs's De historia stirpium of 1542 named its artists in the book itself, unusually for the period.
  22. - L. Fuchs, De historia stirpium commentarii. FUCHS, Leonhard {1501-1566} L. Fuchs, De historia stirpium commentarii insignes, Basle: Isingrin, 1542. Dated 1542 in the Commons record. Most of the world's drugs began as plants, and the herbal is where that knowledge was first written down.
  23. - Fuchs Scilla bifolia. Titled 'Klein blau Merzenblum weibel' in 1543 German edition. Named Scilla bifolia by Linnaeus in 1753. Dated 1543, credited to Leonhart Fuchs. Leonhart Fuchs's De historia stirpium of 1542 named its artists in the book itself, unusually for the period.
  24. - Otto Brunfels, Plantago major, in "Herbarum vivae eicones". An object held in the herbals material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 1550 in the Commons record. Medicinal plants moved along trade routes, and the herbals record which ones arrived and when.
  25. - Ochpen Zung. Woodcut depicting Ochpen Zung. From "Herbarum vivae ei coneb [sic, i.e. Dated 1550 in the Commons record. The same plant carried different names in every region, so the picture often did the work the text could not.
  26. - Badianus Codex; photograph of open book. Badianus Codex (facsimile), written in N huatl by the Aztec physician Martinus de la Cruz, translated by Juannes Badianus (latin), presented to the son of the first Viceroy of New Spain in 1552. Book open on fols. Dated 1552 in the Commons record. Woodcut, engraving and lithography each changed what a botanical plate could show.
  27. - Niewe Herbal aka Lytes Herbal From Flemish (Dodoen, by Henry Lyte, 1578). The image records niewe Herbal aka Lytes Herbal From Flemish (Dodoen, by Henry Lyte, 1578). Dated 1578, credited to Chris Light. Herbals mixed observation with inherited text, and separating the two is much of the scholarship on them.
  28. - L'Obel Icones stirpium00. " Icones stirpium, seu, Plantarum tam exoticarum, quam indigenarum :in gratiam rei herbariae studiosorum in duas partes digestae : cum septem linguarum indicibus, ad diuersarum nationum vsum ". Plantijnsche Drukkerij - Viduam et Ioannem Moretum. Dated 1591, credited to Matthias de L'Obel (1538-1616). Leonhart Fuchs's De historia stirpium of 1542 named its artists in the book itself, unusually for the period.
  29. - Mauz Musa 33r Alpin 1592. An object held in the herbals material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 1592, credited to Unknown author Unknown author. Colouring was often applied by hand after printing, so two copies of one herbal can differ substantially.
  30. - Siliqua dulcis carub, & carnub vocata 4r Alpin 1592. The image records siliqua dulcis carub, & carnub vocata folio 4r source. Dated 1592, credited to Unknown author Unknown author. Monastery and university gardens preserved species and the knowledge of using them.
  31. - Carolus Clusius02. Carolus Clusius, Exoticorum libri decem: quibus animalium, plantarum, aromatum, aliorumque peregrinorum fructuum historiae describuntur: Item Petri Bellonis observationibus [...] (Leiden: Raphelengius, 1605). [Bibliotheca Thysiana, shelf-mark 2202]. Dated 1605, credited to Carolus Clusius. Doctrine of signatures reasoning shaped which plants were tried for which complaint.
  32. - Drakena radix by Clusius from Exoticorum libri decem 1605 p 311. Illustration of Drakena radix by Carolus Clusius from Exoticorum libri decem 1605, page 311. Dated 1605, credited to Charles de L'Écluse / Carolus Clusius. Many modern drugs are refinements of compounds first isolated from plants recorded in these books.
  33. - Culpeper's English physician ; and complete. CULPEPER, Nicholas {1616-1654} SILBY, Ebenezer {1751-1800} Culpeper's English physician; and complete herbal... Illustrated with notes and observations, critical and explanatory. Dated 1616 in the Commons record. Nicholas Culpeper translated the London pharmacopoeia into English against the College of Physicians' wishes, putting the drug names within reach of people who could not pay a physician.
  34. - Veüe du Jardin Royal des Plantes Medecinales au fauxbourg St. Victor. G.13363 (1 of 3). Auteur(s): Pérelle, Adam (Paris, en 1638 - Paris, 22, 03, 1695), graveur Pérelle, Adam (Paris, en 1638 - Paris, 22, 03, 1695), dessinateur Langlois, Nicolas 1er (Paris, en 1640 - en 1703), editeur Autre titre: Vue du jardin royal des plantes médicinales au faubourg Saint-Victor (Titre factice) Date de production: Vers 1660 Datation en siècle: 3e quart du 17e siècle Type(s) d'objet(s): Estampe, Arts. Dated 1635, credited to Pérelle, Adam (Paris, en 1638 - Paris, 22, 03, 1695), graveur. Plant collecting was tied to trade and empire, and the herbal records where the specimens came from.
  35. - Japanese Herbal, 17th century. Spica nardi, 甘松 [kan-sung]: Nardostachys jatamansi ( Nardostachys grandiflora DC.) Text p. 184, illustration p. Dated 1650 in the Commons record. A herbal had to be accurate enough to prevent a fatal misidentification, which is why botanical illustration developed such precision.
  36. - Amgueddfa Cymru - Dandelion - 88234. Plate 1: Dandelion. From 'A curious herbal, containing five hundred cuts of the most useful plants', by Elizabeth Blackwell, published in 1737. Dated 1737, credited to Elizabeth Blackwell. Most of the world's drugs began as plants, and the herbal is where that knowledge was first written down.
  37. - British Herbal (1756) Plate 01. An object held in the herbals material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 1756, credited to Boyce, engraver. Medicinal plants moved along trade routes, and the herbals record which ones arrived and when.
  38. - Habner-1777. Pages extraites de : Die Edle Garten Wissenschaft von Unterschidlichen Welschen und Indianischen Früchte und Gewächsen, Welche in Teutschland die Mehriste anzu (La noble science horticole des différents fruits et plantes sauvages des Indes, qui sont les plus répandus en Allemagne). Passau 1772-1777, par Johann Habner. Dated 1772, credited to Johann Habner (XVIIIe siècle). The same plant carried different names in every region, so the picture often did the work the text could not.
  39. - Herbier de la France. CHAMPIGNON DE, I.A FRANCK. l'açaric orongk (\^raie). Dated 1780, credited to Bulliard, Pierre. Woodcut, engraving and lithography each changed what a botanical plate could show.
  40. - Herbier de la France. PLAN TK \^RNP^NEITSE DK I-A FHAN(^E, /'/. i:)t l'if baccifeue. Dated 1780, credited to Bulliard, Pierre. A herbal had to be accurate enough to prevent a fatal misidentification, which is why botanical illustration developed such precision, as in this 1780 example.
  41. - Herbier de la France. ( IIAMPIGNON l)K I.A FRANC K JV j3^ T/AGARIC COMKwSTIlil.K. -/\q^^cUMCUS CctllllS.. Dated 1780, credited to Bulliard, Pierre. A herbal had to be accurate enough to prevent a fatal misidentification, which is why botanical illustration developed such precision, as in this 1780 example.
  42. - Herbier de la France. The image records herbier de la France (10038615703). Dated 1780, credited to Bulliard, Pierre. A herbal had to be accurate enough to prevent a fatal misidentification, which is why botanical illustration developed such precision, as in this 1780 example.
  43. - Herbier de la France. PJ^AN'l'K \-KNKNKUSE 1)K I.A Fll.AXCK /V /,-i.'. I.A GRATIOI.K OFFICIXALK. Dated 1780, credited to Bulliard, Pierre. A herbal had to be accurate enough to prevent a fatal misidentification, which is why botanical illustration developed such precision, as in this 1780 example.
  44. - Herbier de la France. CHAMPIGNON DE J^A FR^VNCK yy. I -'AGARIC MOMENTANi:. Dated 1780, credited to Bulliard, Pierre. Woodcut, engraving and lithography each changed what a botanical plate could show.
  45. - Herbier de la France. PIvANTK SUSPKCTK DK IwV FRANCK J'/jsS. I.A COCRISTR GLABRE. Dated 1780, credited to Bulliard, Pierre. Herbals mixed observation with inherited text, and separating the two is much of the scholarship on them.
  46. - Herbier de la France. I.A RF..VO.VC I l.E GllAMlXF.iL. Iv tUlllUC ulllS çi;r aminé us. Dated 1780, credited to Bulliard, Pierre. Herbals mixed observation with inherited text, and separating the two is much of the scholarship on them.
  47. - Herbier de la France. pi.AN'n: \ i.np:,nkitsj*: j.k j.a kranci: p/.j^j. I.A I.AURPIOLK ODORANTK. Dated 1780, credited to Bulliard, Pierre. Colouring was often applied by hand after printing, so two copies of one herbal can differ substantially.
  48. - Herbier de la France. CHAMPIGNON DF- I/A FRANCE,. 'agaric Bl.ANC, iVlVOIRK. Dated 1780, credited to Bulliard, Pierre. Monastery and university gardens preserved species and the knowledge of using them.
  49. - Herbier de la France. CIIAMrir^ON DE LA Fl^\NrK yv jiC: LA TEZIZIL l.ÎOmE Pezizanigjra..Klvela n Schoeff.i.cLvin.Pezizapolyniorplia flou. scoxPezizaa'/^/OT/^^/^^ llALI-.O// trouve ù-ès cvmniune/rien/ cette ejrcrq^Jofice sur /es i?îeu.r cAène^,t£a/is les 6ois el dan^ tous les cÂanàers de lois à Iru/er^en novc/nhrc, décemlre eljam?icr.je ne l'ai j a/nais re/iconù'c'e aue surdes InicAes de cÂene et Je n'ai, ai ya/nctiAS. Dated 1780, credited to Bulliard, Pierre. Doctrine of signatures reasoning shaped which plants were tried for which complaint.
  50. - Herbier de la France. PLANTE \T^NKNEUSE DK LA FK.\N('F, PLjiS.. LCENANTHE S.^FRANEK. Dated 1780, credited to Bulliard, Pierre. Many modern drugs are refinements of compounds first isolated from plants recorded in these books.
  51. - Herbier de la France. CHAMPIGNON FRANCE, I.ACtAIIIC TURJîINE. AO cU'lC us UirbiualUS. Dated 1780, credited to Bulliard, Pierre. Medicinal plants moved along trade routes, and the herbals record which ones arrived and when, a point the 1780 herbier example illustrates.
  52. - Herbier de la France. PLANTE SUSPECTE DE LA FRANCE l'I.ic LA PrV'OINE OJTTCIN.VI.E rio.niANC. J rCOlllcX OulCUiedlS,^. Dated 1780, credited to Bulliard, Pierre. Medicinal plants moved along trade routes, and the herbals record which ones arrived and when, a point the 1780 herbier example illustrates.
  53. - Herbier de la France (Pl. 61). PLANTE VENENEUSE DE LA FRANCE PI 61 LA CHELIDOINE MA JEURE. Clielidoniuni ruajus. Dated 1780, credited to Bulliard, Pierre. Medicinal plants moved along trade routes, and the herbals record which ones arrived and when, a point the 1780 herbier example illustrates.
  54. - Herbier de la France (Pl. 52). CHAMPIGNON DE L,A FRANCK PI al. I.A VESSE -JLOITP l.ACUNEUSE. Dated 1780, credited to Bulliard, Pierre. Medicinal plants moved along trade routes, and the herbals record which ones arrived and when, a point the 1780 herbier example illustrates.
  55. - Herbier de la France (Pl. 50). L AGARI C SAFRANE..Agrandis croceus. On trouve ce t'fiampianon en Septembre et Octo/'ie^fans fes terreais secs. Dated 1780, credited to Bulliard, Pierre. Medicinal plants moved along trade routes, and the herbals record which ones arrived and when, as the 1780 herbier record shows in its 2th form.
  56. - Herbier de la France (Pl. 96). CHAMPIGNON DE LA FRANCE. L'AGARIC ARAMEUX. Dated 1780, credited to Bulliard, Pierre. Medicinal plants moved along trade routes, and the herbals record which ones arrived and when, as the 1780 herbier record shows in its 2th form.
  57. - Herbier de la France (Pl. 80). CHAMPIGNON DE LA FRANCE PI. L'AGARIC PLISSE. Dated 1780, credited to Bulliard, Pierre. Medicinal plants moved along trade routes, and the herbals record which ones arrived and when, as the 1780 herbier record shows in its 2th form.
  58. - Herbier de la France (Pl. 78). CHAMPIGNON DE EA FRANCE. 78- l'agaric couleuvre. Dated 1780, credited to Bulliard, Pierre. Ambroise Paré replaced boiling oil for gunshot wounds with a salve of egg yolk, oil of roses and turpentine, having run out of oil during a campaign and found his patients did better.
  59. - Herbier de la France (Pl. 76). CHAMPIGNON LA FRANCE. L'AGARIC F U SIFORME. Dated 1780, credited to Bulliard, Pierre. Medicinal plants moved along trade routes, and the herbals record which ones arrived and when, as the 1780 herbier record shows in its 2th form.
  60. - Herbier de la France (Pl. 74). CHAMPIGNON DE LA FRANCE. PI LE BOLET FOIE. Dated 1780, credited to Bulliard, Pierre. Medicinal plants moved along trade routes, and the herbals record which ones arrived and when, as the 1780 herbier record shows in its 3th form.
  61. - Herbier de la France (Pl. 72). CHAMPIGNON ■es. izvec LA VESSE - LOUP D'HIVER, LvCOPfMXlOll JiyemïUe. Dated 1780, credited to Bulliard, Pierre. Medicinal plants moved along trade routes, and the herbals record which ones arrived and when, as the 1780 herbier record shows in its 3th form.
  62. - Herbier de la France (Pl. 70). CHAMPIGNON DE EA FRANCE L'AGARIC TIGRE. Ajvancus llgM'iluis, On trouve ce CHAMPIGNON pendant l'ete et l'automne dans les Bois sur Je vieux trônes darore' pourris et plus communément sur des souches d'Orme. Dated 1780, credited to Bulliard, Pierre. Medicinal plants moved along trade routes, and the herbals record which ones arrived and when, as the 1780 herbier record shows in its 3th form.
  63. - Herbier de la France (Pl. 67). PLANTE VENENEUSE DE LA FRANCE PI. 6-, EA MORELLE COMMUNE. Dated 1780, credited to Bulliard, Pierre. Medicinal plants moved along trade routes, and the herbals record which ones arrived and when, as the 1780 herbier record shows in its 3th form.
  64. - Herbier de la France (Pl. 63). PLANTE VENENEUSE DE LA FRANCE. L'ACONIT TUE LOUP. Dated 1780, credited to Bulliard, Pierre. Medicinal plants moved along trade routes, and the herbals record which ones arrived and when, as the 1780 herbier record shows in its 4th form.
  65. - Illustrated Manual of Medical Plants. This book is considered the first full-scale botanical art book in Japan. It was published in the late Edo period and comprises 92 volumes (volumes 1−4 remain incomplete), including more than 1,900 varieties of plants. Dated 1786, credited to Iwasaki, Kanʼen, 1786-1842. A herbal had to be accurate enough to prevent a fatal misidentification, which is why botanical illustration developed such precision, as in this 1786 example.
  66. - Armenian MS 5, 51 recto. Medical Texts, 1802, Dictionary of Italian names for herbs, plants and medicines in Latin and Armenian in order of the Italian alphabet, written in notragir (notary hand) Wellcome Images. Dated 1802 in the Commons record. A herbal had to be accurate enough to prevent a fatal misidentification, which is why botanical illustration developed such precision, as in this 1802 example.
  67. - Powdered cinchona, Paris, France, 1820-1900. The label on the bottle translates from French as "Produced by J. Pelletier". Dated 1820 in the Commons record. Cinchona bark carried quinine, the first effective treatment for malaria, and demand for it reshaped botany, empire and plantation agriculture.
  68. - Cinchonine sulphate crystals, England, 1860-1910. Cinchonine sulphate is a cheaper alternative to quinine sulphate and was also used to treat malaria. Both cinchonine and quinine are present in cinchona bark. Dated 1860 in the Commons record. Cinchona bark carried quinine, the first effective treatment for malaria, and demand for it reshaped botany, empire and plantation agriculture.
  69. - Cinchona Nilgiris ILN. ‘Peruvian Bark Tree Plantation in the Neilgherry Hills, India: Sir William Denison, Governor of Madras, Planting the First Tree in a New Plantation’ - the man sitting at left is Sir William Denison, the man with spade on the extreme left is William Graham McIvor. Dated 1862, credited to The Illustrated London News. Cinchona bark carried quinine, the first effective treatment for malaria, and demand for it reshaped botany, empire and plantation agriculture.
  70. - Cesalpino. Sujet : Portrait d' Andrea Cesalpino Source : Gravure de 1765 d'après un portrait du muséum du jardin botanique de Pise. Tirée d' Herbals d'Agnes Arber (1912), Plate XIV. Dated 1912, credited to The original uploader was Valérie75 at French Wikipedia .. A herbal had to be accurate enough to prevent a fatal misidentification, which is why botanical illustration developed such precision, as in this 1912 example.
  71. - Samples of cinchona bark, Quinquina Route Equateur, prepared. Quinine is the component of cinchona bark which was used to treat and prevent malaria. Besides being used to treat malaria, cinchona bark was also a pain and fever reliever. Dated 1930 in the Commons record. Cinchona bark carried quinine, the first effective treatment for malaria, and demand for it reshaped botany, empire and plantation agriculture.
  72. - Artemisia annua. An object held in the herbals material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 2007, credited to Kristian Peters -- Fabelfroh 11:39, 16 September 2007 (UTC). Tu Youyou found artemisinin by reading Ge Hong's Emergency Prescriptions Kept Up One's Sleeve, written in 340 CE, and realising that hot water was destroying the compound, so she switched to a low-temperature ether extraction. She isolated the pure compound in 1972 and shared the 2015 Nobel Prize. She had no postgraduate degree, no foreign research experience and no academy membership.
  73. - Behind the scenes of the University Herbarium. Cambridge University documents Behind the scenes of the University Herbarium, published in 2012. The record it provides is plants recorded as medicine.
  74. - The History of Some Medicinal Plants from 40,000 B.C. to Modern Drugs. University of Kansas Medical Center records The History of Some Medicinal Plants from 40,000 B.C. to Modern Drugs, published in 2013. The record it provides is materia medica as plant, page and garden.
  75. - Korina 2013-07-31 Artemisia annua 1. An object held in the herbals material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 2013, credited to Katrin Schneider / korina.info. Tu Youyou found artemisinin by reading Ge Hong's Emergency Prescriptions Kept Up One's Sleeve, written in 340 CE, and realising that hot water was destroying the compound, so she switched to a low-temperature ether extraction. She isolated the pure compound in 1972 and shared the 2015 Nobel Prize. She had no postgraduate degree, no foreign research experience and no academy membership.
  76. - Chelsea Physic Garden Through The Ages - Michael Holland. Gresham College surveys Chelsea Physic Garden Through The Ages - Michael Holland, published in 2016. Carried for the printed plant and its uses.
  77. - The Power Of Herbs Full Herbal Medicine Documentary ★ Medicine Documentary 2017. Medicine Documentary 2017 records The Power Of Herbs Full Herbal Medicine Documentary ★ Medicine Documentary 2017, published in 2017. It belongs here as materia medica as plant, page and garden.
  78. - The Secrets Of Herbal Medicine : Best Documentary Of All Time. Know Now traces The Secrets Of Herbal Medicine : Best Documentary Of All Time, published in 2017. The value here is botanical knowledge as medical knowledge.
  79. - The Treasures of the Herbarium Collection | University of Helsinki. University of Helsinki surveys The Treasures of the Herbarium Collection, published in 2018. What it offers is materia medica as plant, page and garden.
  80. - Herbarium from the war - Botanical Museum. Centro Musei Università di Padova presents Herbarium from the war - Botanical Museum, published in 2018. What it offers is plants recorded as medicine.
  81. - The Marvels of Medicinal Plants - Full Lecture. The Royal Society of Victoria sets out The Marvels of Medicinal Plants - Full Lecture, published in 2019. Filed as the physic garden and its catalogue.
  82. - Exploring Herbarium Specimens with Dawn | Collections Spotlight. Peggy Notebaert Nature Museum examines Exploring Herbarium Specimens with Dawn, published in 2020. This is plants recorded, drawn and prescribed.
  83. - Guillermond-Glenard volumetric method for the determination of quinine (Alessandri 1895.50). Digester A is filled with 10 g of pretreated cinchona bark (pulverized, wetted, mixed with lime, dried and again pulverized) and 100 mL of diethyl ether, which disssolves quinine and quinidine but not cinchonine. By opening stopcock r the clear ether extract is collected; else it is poured back in the digester. Dated 2020, credited to valeg96. A herbal had to be accurate enough to prevent a fatal misidentification, which is why botanical illustration developed such precision, as in this 2020 example.
  84. - Dangerous Beauty: A History Of the Opium Poppy. RareSeeds surveys Dangerous Beauty: A History Of the Opium Poppy, published in 2020. Filed as the printed plant and its uses.
  85. - Plant Collections That Keep Growing: Inside the National Herbarium of Canada. Canadian Museum of Nature traces Plant Collections That Keep Growing: Inside the National Herbarium of Canada, published in 2020. Kept as the garden as a pharmacy.
  86. - The Prince of Wales' introduction to the Physic Garden. Royal Collection Trust examines The Prince of Wales' introduction to the Physic Garden, published in 2020. Included as plants recorded, drawn and prescribed.
  87. - A Tour of the MSU Herbarium with Dr. Alan Prather. MSU Broad Art Museum traces A Tour of the MSU Herbarium with Dr. Alan Prather, published in 2021. The value here is the garden as a pharmacy.
  88. - Darwin specimen re-discovered at Cambridge University Herbarium - BBC Look East. Cambridge University Herbarium traces Darwin specimen re-discovered at Cambridge University Herbarium - BBC Look East, published in 2021. It belongs here as botanical knowledge as medical knowledge.
  89. - 300 Years and a Million Dead Plants: a Virtual Tour of the Cambridge University Herbarium. Cambridge University Herbarium surveys 300 Years and a Million Dead Plants: a Virtual Tour of the Cambridge University Herbarium, published in 2021. What it offers is the printed plant and its uses.
  90. - Botany in 18th Century Cambridge: A first look inside the Martyn collection (with Q&A). Cambridge University Herbarium examines Botany in 18th Century Cambridge: A first look inside the Martyn collection (with Q&A), published in 2021. Held for plants recorded, drawn and prescribed.
  91. - Artemisia annua (Villeurbanne, France). sweet annie ( Artemisia annua ), photographed in Villeurbanne, Rhône-Alpes, France. Dated 2021, credited to CorentinD. Tu Youyou found artemisinin by reading Ge Hong's Emergency Prescriptions Kept Up One's Sleeve, written in 340 CE, and realising that hot water was destroying the compound, so she switched to a low-temperature ether extraction. She isolated the pure compound in 1972 and shared the 2015 Nobel Prize. She had no postgraduate degree, no foreign research experience and no academy membership.
  92. - Physic Gardens. University of Nebraska–Lincoln examines Physic Gardens, published in 2021. Held for the garden as a pharmacy.
  93. - Herbals, Illustrated and Un-Illustrated: Selling Botany in Early Modern England. UCLA Center for 17th sets out Herbals, Illustrated and Un-Illustrated: Selling Botany in Early Modern England, published in 2022. It belongs here as the physic garden and its catalogue.
  94. - Three women botanical illustrators in history. Smithsonian Gardens records Three women botanical illustrators in history, published in 2022. The record it provides is the herbal as a printed and botanical object.
  95. - A History of Botanical Art (Online Lecture). United States Botanic Garden surveys A History of Botanical Art (Online Lecture), published in 2022. It belongs here as the printed plant and its uses.
  96. - Herbal Medicine 101. Deep Roots School of Foraging & Herbal Medicine presents Herbal Medicine 101, published in 2023. It belongs here as plants recorded as medicine.
  97. - How herbarium specimens are prepared at the Cambridge University Herbarium. Cambridge University Herbarium records How herbarium specimens are prepared at the Cambridge University Herbarium, published in 2024. Held for materia medica as plant, page and garden.
  98. - How to Start an Apothecary Garden for Beginners- Growing Your Own Medicine. Our Cottage Garden examines How to Start an Apothecary Garden for Beginners- Growing Your Own Medicine, published in 2024. Held for botanical knowledge as medical knowledge.
  99. - Grow Your Own Pharmacy, 10 Healing Herbs You Need! 🌿. Gaz Oakley surveys Grow Your Own Pharmacy, 10 Healing Herbs You Need! 🌿, published in 2024. What it offers is the physic garden and its catalogue.
  100. - Botanical Garden (Orto Botanico), Padua. UNESCO Tour presents Botanical Garden (Orto Botanico), Padua, published in 2024. This is plants recorded as medicine.
  101. - Inside the Bell Museum Collections: Herbarium. BellMuseum surveys Inside the Bell Museum Collections: Herbarium, published in 2024. The record it provides is the printed plant and its uses.
  102. - Nature’s Medicine Cabinet: 10+ Herbs You’ll Wish You Had Sooner 🌿✨. Gaz Oakley traces Nature’s Medicine Cabinet: 10+ Herbs You’ll Wish You Had Sooner 🌿✨, published in 2024. It belongs here as the herbal as a printed and botanical object.
  103. - Behind the scenes of the Museum herbarium: how to create a botanical collection. Museo Tazzetti traces Behind the scenes of the Museum herbarium: how to create a botanical collection, published in 2025. It belongs here as the garden as a pharmacy.
  104. - Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine: A Brief U.S. History. University of California Television examines Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine: A Brief U.S. History, published in 2026. The record it provides is plants recorded, drawn and prescribed.
  105. - Garlic — Ancient Herbal Medicine | History & Traditional Uses. Ancient Medicine Archive records Garlic , Ancient Herbal Medicine, published in 2026. Carried for materia medica as plant, page and garden.
  106. - Aeizoon To Mega — Ancient Herbal Medicine | History & Traditional Uses. Ancient Medicine Archive documents Aeizoon To Mega , Ancient Herbal Medicine, published in 2026. What it offers is the herbal as a printed and botanical object.
  107. - Aidoion Arrenos Elaphou — Ancient Herbal Medicine | History & Traditional Uses. Ancient Medicine Archive documents Aidoion Arrenos Elaphou , Ancient Herbal Medicine, published in 2026. The value here is the herbal as a printed and botanical object.
  108. - Aigeiros — Ancient Herbal Medicine | History & Traditional Uses. Ancient Medicine Archive presents Aigeiros , Ancient Herbal Medicine, published in 2026. Filed as plants recorded as medicine.
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