Microbes

The germ theory and the equipment that proved it: Leeuwenhoek and Koch, culture plates, the microscope as the instrument that changed what a disease was understood to be.

Part of Medicine

105 moments in this segment.

  1. - Oude Kerk - Old Church Delft.. Although there was another church in the 10th century on this place the year 1246 is given as the official date of birth. Bartholomeus van der Made started rebuilding and extending the church in the middle of the thirteenth century. Dated 950, credited to FaceMePLS from The Hague, The Netherlands. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek made the first direct observations of microorganisms in the 1670s using single-lens microscopes he ground himself, calling what he saw animalcules.
  2. - Light Microscope. The light microscope has got be one of the most iconic symbols of science. We use this particular microscope to monitor our cell cultures daily, to keep a general eye on them. Dated 1665, credited to Zcsharp. Robert Hooke's Micrographia of 1665 gave the public its first sight of the world under a lens.
  3. - Leeuwenhoek, Arcana naturae, 1695. An object held in the microbes material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 1695 in the Commons record. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek made the first direct observations of microorganisms in the 1670s using single-lens microscopes he ground himself, calling what he saw animalcules.
  4. - Trade card for Thomas Ribright, optician, London, England. The image records trade card for Thomas Ribright, optician, London, England, 1753-1772 Thomas Ribright was an English optician working in London from 1735 to 1772. The trade card shows the items that he made including spectacles, microscopes and telescopes. Dated 1753 in the Commons record. The instrument came before the theory, and for two centuries people saw microorganisms without connecting them to disease.
  5. - München Deutsches Museum Inv. 2069. zusammengesetztes Mikroskop von Johann Balthasar Oppelt, Detail: Objektträger. Dated 1780 in the Commons record. Bacteriology's basic apparatus made invisible life countable, which is what turned an idea into evidence.
  6. - Optics; two kinds of specialist microscope. Engraving, 1787. 1787 in the Commons record. Laboratory microbiology was assembled from glassware, dyes and patience, and its equipment barely changed for decades.
  7. - Culpeper-Mikroskop TECHNOSEUM EVZ-2004-0534. Das englisches Durch- und Auflichtmikroskop (Tubenmikroskop), nach der Bauart Culpeper, stammt aus dem Jahre 1820 und ist auf einem hölzernen Sockel mit Schublade befestigt. Zur Aufbewahrung oder zum Transport diente ein pyramidenförmiger Holzkasten. Dated 1820, credited to Edmund Culpeper (1666-1737) (Erfinder). Staining was what made bacteria visible enough to classify, and dye chemistry and bacteriology grew up together.
  8. - Louis Pasteur (1822 - 1895), microbiologist and chemist. Portrait of Louis Pasteur [1822 - 1895], French microbiologist and chemist. Dated 1822 in the Commons record. Louis Pasteur's swan-neck flask experiments disproved spontaneous generation. Gerald Geison's 1995 study of the notebooks found that Pasteur publicly described a live anthrax vaccine at Pouilly-le-Fort in 1881 while actually using potassium dichromate, and had pre-tested 11 dogs rather than the 50 he claimed.
  9. - An itinerant microscopist showing animalcules to children. The image records an itinerant microscopist showing animalcules to children in Friesland. Oil painting by a Dutch painter, 1825/1850. Dated 1825 in the Commons record. Industrial fermentation and medical bacteriology shared equipment, methods and often personnel.
  10. - Achromatic microscope by Powell and Lealand, 1849.. The image records achromatic microscope by Powell and Lealand. A research instrument of the period. Dated 1849 in the Commons record. The microscope's limits set the boundary of the visible, and viruses stayed outside it until electron optics arrived.
  11. - Binocular microscope in the Museum Meiji Mura in the mid 19th century. An object held in the microbes material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 1850, credited to Motokoka. Laboratory notebooks and photographs are often the only surviving evidence of what a culture actually looked like.
  12. - A scientific conversazione. The image records a scientific conversazione on microscopy held at Apothecaries' Hall London on April 11th, 1855. Amateur microscopists show there apparatus. Dated 1855 in the Commons record. The instrument came before the theory, and for two centuries people saw microorganisms without connecting them to disease.
  13. - Copy of a grape vine with two bunches of grapes to illustrat. This model illustrates an experiment performed in 1862 by Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) to study the fermentation of grape juice. One bunch of grapes is wrapped in sterilised cotton wool while the other is exposed to the air. Dated 1862 in the Commons record. Louis Pasteur's swan-neck flask experiments disproved spontaneous generation. Gerald Geison's 1995 study of the notebooks found that Pasteur publicly described a live anthrax vaccine at Pouilly-le-Fort in 1881 while actually using potassium dichromate, and had pre-tested 11 dogs rather than the 50 he claimed.
  14. - Louis Pasteur - Etudes sur la bière - FR-631136102 55221. Louis Pasteur, Etudes sur la bière, 1873. Exemplaire conservé à la bibliothèque du Patrimoine de Clermont Auvergne Métropole. Dated 1873, credited to Clermont Auvergne Métropole. Louis Pasteur's swan-neck flask experiments disproved spontaneous generation. Gerald Geison's 1995 study of the notebooks found that Pasteur publicly described a live anthrax vaccine at Pouilly-le-Fort in 1881 while actually using potassium dichromate, and had pre-tested 11 dogs rather than the 50 he claimed.
  15. - Louis Pasteur in Pouilly-le-Fort (Illustration - 1881). Louis Pasteur Schafimpfung in Pauly-le-Fort, 31.Mai.1881. Dated 1881, credited to Auguste André Lançon (1836-1887). Louis Pasteur's swan-neck flask experiments disproved spontaneous generation. Gerald Geison's 1995 study of the notebooks found that Pasteur publicly described a live anthrax vaccine at Pouilly-le-Fort in 1881 while actually using potassium dichromate, and had pre-tested 11 dogs rather than the 50 he claimed.
  16. - Louis Pasteur (M Renourad - Illustration - 1884). Pasteur bei seinen Versuchstieren (Zeichunung nach der Natur von M. Renourad aus der "Illustration" 1884). Dated 1884 in the Commons record. Bacteriology's basic apparatus made invisible life countable, which is what turned an idea into evidence.
  17. - Louis Pasteur and his rabies patients. Wood engraving, 1886.. Russian peasants bitten by a mad wolf at Beloi, Smolensk, February 28th [top right]. Monsieur Pasteur examining a young English girl, one of a family of four, bitten by a mad Newfoundland dog [bottom centre]. Dated 1886 in the Commons record. Laboratory microbiology was assembled from glassware, dyes and patience, and its equipment barely changed for decades.
  18. - Noëls pour tous (Silhouette, 1887-12-25). « Noëls pour tous ». Caricature par Lamouche dans La Silhouette, le 25 décembre 1887. Dated 1887, credited to Émile Lamouche. Staining was what made bacteria visible enough to classify, and dye chemistry and bacteriology grew up together.
  19. - Panorama Le Tout-Paris (12). Planche du livret explicatif du panorama le "Tout-Paris" peint par Charles Castellani et présenté lors de l'exposition universelle de 1889. Dated 1889, credited to Ch. Castellani (Photographie d'après). Pure culture technique separated one organism from a mixture, which is the precondition for proving cause.
  20. - Portrait of Louis Pasteur - DPLA - d6d9e47d8331709df9be024c24bf6644. The image records portrait of Louis Pasteur. Dated 1894, credited to Champollion, Eugène-André Champollion. The microscope's limits set the boundary of the visible, and viruses stayed outside it until electron optics arrived.
  21. - Louis Pasteur. Pen drawing, 1895.. An object held in the microbes material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 1895 in the Commons record. Laboratory notebooks and photographs are often the only surviving evidence of what a culture actually looked like.
  22. - E. Detaille. - Les funérailles de Pasteur. Paris Musées 20230515142103. Auteur(s): Anonyme, editeur Detaille, Edouard (Paris, 05, 10, 1848 - Paris, 23, 12, 1912), auteur du modèle Autre titre: 1890 à 1899. (Titre de la série) Datation en siècle: 20e siècle Type(s) d'objet(s): Estampe, Manuscrits, imprimés, reliure, Arts graphiques Dénomination(s): Illustration de livre Matériaux et techniques: Procédé photomécanique Dimensions - Oeuvre: Hauteur : 32 cm Largeur : 42 cm. Dated 1899, credited to Anonyme, editeur. The instrument came before the theory, and for two centuries people saw microorganisms without connecting them to disease.
  23. - Leeuwenhoek simple microscope (copy), Leyden, 1901-1930. This type of microscope was invented and used by Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723). Considered the "father of microscopy", he constructed all his own equipment using lenses he had made himself. Dated 1901 in the Commons record. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek made the first direct observations of microorganisms in the 1670s using single-lens microscopes he ground himself, calling what he saw animalcules.
  24. - Joseph Lister, Baron Lister acclaims Louis Pasteur at Pasteu. The image records joseph Lister, Baron Lister acclaims Louis Pasteur at Pasteur's Jubilee, Paris, 1892. Photograph after a painting by Jean-André Rixens made in 1902, musée Pasteur, Paris. Dated 1902 in the Commons record. Industrial fermentation and medical bacteriology shared equipment, methods and often personnel.
  25. - EB1911 - Microscope - Fig. 1. An object held in the microbes material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 1911, credited to Anonymous Unknown author. Laboratory microbiology was assembled from glassware, dyes and patience, and its equipment barely changed for decades.
  26. - Kodak Rainbow Hawk-Eye No. 2 Model C - disassembled. Kodak box camera, type Rainbow Hawk-Eye No. 2 British Model C for 120 roll film, manufactured in 1913; disassembled. Dated 1913, credited to Franz van Duns. Staining was what made bacteria visible enough to classify, and dye chemistry and bacteriology grew up together.
  27. - Marie-Victorin laboratoire. Marie-Victorin (born Conrad Kirouac) in his laboratory at the Faculty of Science of Laval University's branch in Montreal, Canada. Dated 1925, credited to Unknown author Unknown author. Pure culture technique separated one organism from a mixture, which is the precondition for proving cause.
  28. - Dr. Alexander A. Maximow. Caption text says "Dr. Maximow, cytologist of the University of Chicago, has made distinguished studies of the changes in blood cells and the interrelation between types. Dated 1928, credited to The University of Chicago?. Industrial fermentation and medical bacteriology shared equipment, methods and often personnel.
  29. - A target, a microscope, and a microscope slide... The image records a target, a microscope, and a microscope slide; representing a revolution in medicine leading to the cure of cancer. Gouache by E. Dated 1938 in the Commons record. The microscope's limits set the boundary of the visible, and viruses stayed outside it until electron optics arrived.
  30. - Louis Pasteur, the Benefactor (Pictorial Films, 1942). National Library of Medicine documents Louis Pasteur, the Benefactor (Pictorial Films, 1942), on material dated 1942. Pasteur kept those notebooks closed until 1964, when his grandson gave them to the French national library. What it offers is culture, stain and the laboratory bench.
  31. - CHILDREN OF KIBBUTZ MAABAROT IN THE LABORATORY OF THE REGIONAL HIGH SCHOOL AT THE KIBBUTZ. The image records cHILDREN OF KIBBUTZ MAABAROT IN THE LABORATORY OF THE REGIONAL HIGH SCHOOL AT THE KIBBUTZ. המעבדה בתיכון האזורי בקיבוץ מעברות. Dated 1946, credited to Zoltan Kluger. Laboratory notebooks and photographs are often the only surviving evidence of what a culture actually looked like.
  32. - Checking blood type (SC 344909), National Museum of Health and Medicine. The image records checking blood type (SC 344909), National Museum of Health and Medicine Description: A lab technician in the field in Korea checks blood types of wounded men brought in from the battlefield. Dated: 30 July 1950 Photo ID: SC 344909 Source Collection: OHA 343: U.S. Dated 1950, credited to National Museum of Health and Medicine. The instrument came before the theory, and for two centuries people saw microorganisms without connecting them to disease.
  33. - Gilbert Lab Technician Set for Girls 2005 129 001 tx31qh69s. This pink microscope set was marketed by New Haven-based toymaker A.C. Gilbert Company in 1958, specifically for girls. Dated 1958, credited to Gregory Tobias. Bacteriology's basic apparatus made invisible life countable, which is what turned an idea into evidence.
  34. - Louis Pasteur, Man of Science (Viking Films Inc. 1959). National Library of Medicine presents Louis Pasteur, Man of Science (Viking Films Inc. 1959), on material dated 1959. Louis Pasteur ran the public anthrax trial at Pouilly-le-Fort on 5 May 1881 and treated Joseph Meister against rabies on 6 July 1885, founding the Pasteur Institute in 1887. Gerald Geison's 1995 study of the notebooks found that Pasteur publicly claimed a live anthrax vaccine while having used potassium dichromate, and had pre-tested 11 dogs rather than the 50 he claimed.
  35. - 1961. Home-made table microscope projector with microscope and lamp in place.. Home-made table microscope projector with microscope and lamp in place. Photo by: Wally C. Dated 1961, credited to R6, State & Private Forestry, Forest Health Protection. Laboratory microbiology was assembled from glassware, dyes and patience, and its equipment barely changed for decades.
  36. - The discovery of penicillin (1964). Wellcome Library presents The discovery of penicillin (1964), on material dated 1964. Albert Alexander, an Oxford policeman treated from 12 February 1941, improved and then died on 15 March 1941 when the supply ran out. The 1945 Nobel Prize went to Fleming, Florey and Chain, and Heatley was not included; Oxford gave him an honorary Doctorate of Medicine in 1990.
  37. - HD.6D.656. Electron Microscope: With this instrument, using transmitted electrons, structures can be seen which are about one-five hundredth the size of the smallest objects just visible in the light microscope. 1966 For more information or additional images, please contact 202-586-5251. Dated 1966, credited to ENERGY.GOV. Staining was what made bacteria visible enough to classify, and dye chemistry and bacteriology grew up together.
  38. - HFCA 1607 Tektite II April, 1970 (Color) Volume I 129.jpg (1f55ba4fa3d7459c81203a4c8d10280d). Man looking at a specimen using a microscope during the Tektite II Project in Virgin Islands National Park. Dated 1970, credited to Milo Woodbridge Williams. Pure culture technique separated one organism from a mixture, which is the precondition for proving cause.
  39. - CDC 16561 (1970). This image shows a Petri dish culture plate containing Tinsdale medium, inoculated with a throat swab, and which subsequently grew small bacterial colonies that exhibited a dark brown to black coloration, and surrounded by a darkly colored halo. Tinsdale agar is used in the isolation of Corynebacterium diphtheriae bacteria, which produce hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from cysteine, and sodium. Dated 1970, credited to Unknown author Unknown author. The flat covered dish and the agar medium turned bacteriology into something countable, because colonies could be separated, grown and compared.
  40. - Mikroskop MWDC. Measuring microskope with encoders and computer made in Poland by PZO circa 1976. Dated 1976, credited to Rrudzik. Industrial fermentation and medical bacteriology shared equipment, methods and often personnel.
  41. - Academisch Ziekenhuis Leiden, Objectnr PV PV15917B.1. Titel: Academisch Ziekenhuis Leiden Collectie: Erfgoed Leiden en Omstreken Makers: Holvast, Jan (Primaire vervaardiger) Rechthebbende: Historische Vereniging Oud Leiden Auteursrechten: CC-O. Signatuur: PV_PV15917B.1 Objectnummer: PV_PV15917B.1 Plaatsnaam: Leiden Trefwoord: Academische ziekenhuizen Beschrijving: Academisch Ziekenhuis Leiden (AZL, thans LUMC Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum). Dated 1980, credited to Holvast, Jan (Primaire vervaardiger). The microscope's limits set the boundary of the visible, and viruses stayed outside it until electron optics arrived.
  42. - NOVA: When Wonder Drugs Don't Work (1986) – Antibiotic Resistance on the Rise 🦠💊. Digitalized Archives covers NOVA: When Wonder Drugs Don't Work (1986) – Antibiotic Resistance on the Rise 🦠💊, on material dated 1986. Filed as how disease acquired a cause.
  43. - Portes ouvertes Microscopie életronique à l'INRA de Versailles-3-cliche Jean Weber. Portes oevertes en microscopie électronique à l'INRA de Versailles. Dated 1991, credited to Jean Weber. Laboratory notebooks and photographs are often the only surviving evidence of what a culture actually looked like.
  44. - CSIRO ScienceImage 2913 Operating an Electron Microscope. Operating the transmission electron microscope. Dated 2000, credited to Textile and Fibre Technology, CSIRO. The instrument came before the theory, and for two centuries people saw microorganisms without connecting them to disease, as in this 2000 example.
  45. - Microstage. Micro-camera with focus-drive and micro-stage for performing object-recognition and -tracking. Dated 2005, credited to Engjw. The instrument came before the theory, and for two centuries people saw microorganisms without connecting them to disease, as in this 2005 example.
  46. - Hand desinfection test with blood agar plate. Microbial growth on a blood agar plate without any procedure (sector A), after washing hands (sector B), and after disinfecting hands with alcohol (sector C). Dated 2007, credited to Pöllö. The flat covered dish and the agar medium turned bacteriology into something countable, because colonies could be separated, grown and compared.
  47. - Fontaine Pasteur - Besançon. Foutain of Victor Hugo School, located in Besançon ( Doubs, France ). Dated 2009, credited to Toufik-de-planoise. The instrument came before the theory, and for two centuries people saw microorganisms without connecting them to disease, as in this 2009 example.
  48. - 13. Contagionism versus Anticontagionsim. YaleCourses sets out 13. Contagionism versus Anticontagionsim, published in 2011. Kept as microbiology as apparatus and technique.
  49. - 14. The Germ Theory of Disease. YaleCourses documents 14. The Germ Theory of Disease, published in 2011. Included as the turn from miasma to organism.
  50. - Viruses under the Mathematical Microscope: Deciphering the Code of Viral Geometry. Cambridge University traces Viruses under the Mathematical Microscope: Deciphering the Code of Viral Geometry, published in 2011. The record it provides is glass, agar and the culture of life.
  51. - Microscope with manipulators and injectors-03 p. Microscopic station with manipulators and injectors. Dated 2011, credited to Pleple2000. The instrument came before the theory, and for two centuries people saw microorganisms without connecting them to disease, as in this 2011 example.
  52. - Exhibiting the Benin Bronzes - The Arts Past & Present. OpenLearn from The Open University records Exhibiting the Benin Bronzes - The Arts Past & Present, published in 2011. Included as the instruments that made the invisible visible.
  53. - The wacky history of cell theory - Lauren Royal-Woods. TED records The wacky history of cell theory - Lauren Royal-Woods, published in 2012. What it offers is the instruments that made the invisible visible.
  54. - Have you ever seen an atom?. nature video surveys Have you ever seen an atom?, published in 2013. This is the bench where pathogens were named.
  55. - K4112-1. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agriculture Research Service (ARS) biologist Peter Cooke explains the use of a transmission electron microscope to honor students (L-R) Conor Davis, Anne Hoffman, and Andrew Shieh. USDA photo by Scott Bauer. Dated 2013, credited to USDAgov. The instrument came before the theory, and for two centuries people saw microorganisms without connecting them to disease, as in this 2013 example.
  56. - "The World's A Stage: Puppets, Identity, and Politics in Taiwan" by Dr. Robin Erik Ruizendaal. The University of Scranton surveys "The World's A Stage: Puppets, Identity, and Politics in Taiwan" by Dr. Robin Erik Ruizendaal, published in 2013. The record it provides is the instruments that made the invisible visible.
  57. - Understanding Crystallography - Part 1: From Proteins to Crystals. The Royal Institution covers Understanding Crystallography - Part 1: From Proteins to Crystals, published in 2014. What it offers is how disease acquired a cause.
  58. - Bacterial cell walls, antibiotics and the origins of life. The Royal Society presents Bacterial cell walls, antibiotics and the origins of life, published in 2015. The record it provides is the turn from miasma to organism.
  59. - Laboratório IPG. An object held in the microbes material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 2015, credited to Ipg conteudos. The instrument came before the theory, and for two centuries people saw microorganisms without connecting them to disease, as in this 2015 example.
  60. - WHO: Influenza, an Unpredictable Threat. World Health Organization records WHO: Influenza, an Unpredictable Threat, published in 2015. This is the instruments that made the invisible visible.
  61. - How Robert Hooke Discovered The Cell. Oxford Brookes Health & Life Sciences documents How Robert Hooke Discovered The Cell, published in 2015. It sits in the archive as the turn from miasma to organism.
  62. - BCIT Medical Laboratory Science | Health Sciences | Information Session. British Columbia Institute of Technology surveys BCIT Medical Laboratory Science, published in 2016. It belongs here as the bench where pathogens were named.
  63. - Germs, Genes and Genesis: The History of Infectious Disease - Professor Steve Jones. Gresham College presents Germs, Genes and Genesis: The History of Infectious Disease - Professor Steve Jones, published in 2016. Its place in the archive is the turn from miasma to organism.
  64. - Lens Making in the 1600s. Corning Museum of Glass surveys Lens Making in the 1600s, published in 2016. It sits in the archive as the bench where pathogens were named.
  65. - Lecture 4: The Microscope. Museum of HSTM University of Leeds sets out Lecture 4: The Microscope, published in 2016. The value here is microbiology as apparatus and technique.
  66. - Introduction to Public Health Laboratories. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention examines Introduction to Public Health Laboratories, published in 2016. Included as the organism as a laboratory object.
  67. - Nobel lecture: Yoshinori Ohsumi, Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine 2016. Nobel Prize documents Nobel lecture: Yoshinori Ohsumi, Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine 2016, published in 2016. Included as culture, stain and the laboratory bench.
  68. - Miscoscopes. An object held in the microbes material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 2017, credited to Jeremy.wood. The instrument came before the theory, and for two centuries people saw microorganisms without connecting them to disease, as in this 2017 example.
  69. - Medical Laboratory Science. Eastern Kentucky University traces Medical Laboratory Science, published in 2018. Held for glass, agar and the culture of life.
  70. - Western reactions to Benin bronzes | Civilisations - BBC. BBC traces Western reactions to Benin bronzes, published in 2018. Filed as glass, agar and the culture of life.
  71. - Where Did Viruses Come From?. PBS Eons examines Where Did Viruses Come From?, published in 2018. Kept as the organism as a laboratory object.
  72. - Bacillus cereus Standard I col 100. Bacillus cereus colonies on a standard growth medium (Standard I Nutrient Agar). The technique of the streaking is a three-phase streaking pattern. Dated 2018, credited to A doubt. The instrument came before the theory, and for two centuries people saw microorganisms without connecting them to disease, as in this 2018 example.
  73. - We Were There - Hantavirus. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention examines We Were There - Hantavirus, published in 2018. Held for the organism as a laboratory object.
  74. - Baldwin Academy Microscope. An object held in the microbes material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 2019, credited to Piyushraj25. The instrument came before the theory, and for two centuries people saw microorganisms without connecting them to disease, as in this 2019 example.
  75. - Your Gut Microbiome: The Most Important Organ You’ve Never Heard Of | Erika Ebbel Angle | TEDxFargo. TEDx Talks traces Your Gut Microbiome: The Most Important Organ You’ve Never Heard Of, published in 2019. It belongs here as glass, agar and the culture of life.
  76. - Influenza Virus - Viral entry and fusion inhibitor. iCAP Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 surveys Influenza Virus - Viral entry and fusion inhibitor, published in 2020. Held for the instruments that made the invisible visible.
  77. - How can we solve the antibiotic resistance crisis? - Gerry Wright. TED examines How can we solve the antibiotic resistance crisis? - Gerry Wright, published in 2020. The 2019 GRAM study, published in the Lancet in 2022, attributed 1.27 million deaths to antimicrobial resistance and associated 4.95 million with it, and one in five of those who died were children under five. What it offers is the organism as a laboratory object.
  78. - Coronavirus: a lecture by Martin Kiernan (51 mins). Southport and Ormskirk Hospital NHS Trust sets out Coronavirus: a lecture by Martin Kiernan (51 mins), published in 2020. Held for microbiology as apparatus and technique.
  79. - Coronavirus (part 1 of 5): the origins. A lecture by Martin Kiernan.. Southport and Ormskirk Hospital NHS Trust examines Coronavirus (part 1 of 5): the origins. A lecture by Martin Kiernan, published in 2020. It belongs here as the organism as a laboratory object.
  80. - A Brief History Of The Microscope. Stated Clearly surveys A Brief History Of The Microscope, published in 2020. The record it provides is the bench where pathogens were named.
  81. - Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) - 2020 STUDENT FILM PRIZE of the Health for All Film Festival. World Health Organization traces Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) - 2020 STUDENT FILM PRIZE of the Health for All Film Festival, published in 2020. Carried for glass, agar and the culture of life.
  82. - Swan neck Flask replica in the Museum Meiji Mura. An object held in the microbes material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 2020, credited to Motokoka. The instrument came before the theory, and for two centuries people saw microorganisms without connecting them to disease, as in this 2020 example.
  83. - Micrographia: turning the pages of Robert Hooke's masterpiece | The Royal Society. The Royal Society covers Micrographia: turning the pages of Robert Hooke's masterpiece, published in 2020. The value here is how disease acquired a cause.
  84. - 2020 Nobel Lectures in Chemistry. Nobel Prize sets out 2020 Nobel Lectures in Chemistry, published in 2020. Carried for microbiology as apparatus and technique.
  85. - A Brief History of Antibiotics. Nostalgic Medicine records A Brief History of Antibiotics, published in 2021. Included as microbiology as apparatus and technique.
  86. - FABRICACIÓN ARTESANAL de un MICROSCOPIO (S. XVII) 🔎 Como hacer réplica del Microscopio Leeuwenhoek. Toga Art Academy sets out FABRICACIÓN ARTESANAL de un MICROSCOPIO (S. XVII) 🔎 Como hacer réplica del Microscopio Leeuwenhoek, published in 2021. Andreas Vesalius published De humani corporis fabrica at Basel in June 1543, aged 28, printed by Johannes Oporinus with more than 250 illustrations. Modern scholars attribute the woodcuts to the studio of Titian, while the traditional attribution names Johannes Stephanus of Calcar, and the question stays open.
  87. - Aeolosoma under the microscope. An object held in the microbes material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 2021, credited to TheDIMONDK. The instrument came before the theory, and for two centuries people saw microorganisms without connecting them to disease, as in this 2021 example.
  88. - When Antibiotics Don't Work (full documentary) | FRONTLINE. FRONTLINE PBS sets out When Antibiotics Don't Work (full documentary), published in 2021. Filed as microbiology as apparatus and technique.
  89. - Proteins in 3D | The Royal Society. The Royal Society surveys Proteins in 3D, published in 2022. Held for the bench where pathogens were named.
  90. - Amputer, réparer et appareiller dans les sociétés du passé. Musée de l'Homme presents Amputer, réparer et appareiller dans les sociétés du passé, published in 2022. Filed as the turn from miasma to organism.
  91. - Any form is beautifull. One of the forms of microcrystal grown in saline solution. Photos of microcrystals are taken through a microscope, each crystal presented is less than a millimeter in size. Dated 2022, credited to Darya Zyurkalova. The instrument came before the theory, and for two centuries people saw microorganisms without connecting them to disease, as in this 2022 example.
  92. - How Alexander Fleming Changed the World (Discovered Penicillin). People Who Changed the World sets out How Alexander Fleming Changed the World (Discovered Penicillin), published in 2022. This is microbiology as apparatus and technique.
  93. - Astronomy by microscope? | The Royal Society. The Royal Society documents Astronomy by microscope?, published in 2023. It sits in the archive as culture, stain and the laboratory bench.
  94. - IMG-20230410-WA0040. In this photo, children of 6 years old are conducting research work on the topic "The Secret World of Water". Dated 2023, credited to ЕкатеринаКомель. The instrument came before the theory, and for two centuries people saw microorganisms without connecting them to disease, as in this 2023 example.
  95. - The Next Pandemic: Antimicrobial Resistance and You | Dr Srijan Jindal | TEDxNorthwich. TEDx Talks traces The Next Pandemic: Antimicrobial Resistance and You, published in 2023. This is glass, agar and the culture of life.
  96. - CRISPR's Next Advance Is Bigger Than You Think | Jennifer Doudna | TED. TED documents CRISPR's Next Advance Is Bigger Than You Think, published in 2023. Filed as culture, stain and the laboratory bench.
  97. - The Gadget That Changed How We See The World | Cell | BBC Earth Science. BBC Earth Science traces The Gadget That Changed How We See The World, published in 2024. Carried for how disease acquired a cause.
  98. - Leeuwenhoek Microscope. Cropped image of a model of Leeuwenhoek's simple microscope, from Leyden. This type of microscope was invented and used by Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723). Dated 2024, credited to Science Museum Group. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek made the first direct observations of microorganisms in the 1670s using single-lens microscopes he ground himself, calling what he saw animalcules.
  99. - Compound Microscope and Case. Getty Museum records Compound Microscope and Case, published in 2024. Kept as culture, stain and the laboratory bench.
  100. - The Revolutionary Compound Microscope. Getty Museum documents The Revolutionary Compound Microscope, published in 2024. The value here is culture, stain and the laboratory bench.
  101. - View of scientist looking at a Surveyor III components with a microscope in a Lunar Receiving L. The image records view of scientist looking at a Surveyor III components with a microscope in a Lunar Receiving Laboratory sterile vacuum cabinet. UNMANNED SPACECRAFT - SURVEYOR III 2. Dated 2025, credited to NASA. The instrument came before the theory, and for two centuries people saw microorganisms without connecting them to disease, as in this 2025 example.
  102. - Foundations of Microbiology: Biogenesis, Abiogenesis, Koch Postulates & Germ Theory. Ashavyaani Academy traces Foundations of Microbiology: Biogenesis, Abiogenesis, Koch Postulates & Germ Theory, published in 2025. Robert Koch formulated his postulates in 1884, confirmed Vibrio cholerae and identified the tuberculosis bacterium. Its place in the archive is glass, agar and the culture of life.
  103. - The Deadly Experiment That Rebuilt Modern Medicine | How Louis Pasteur Invented the Rabies Vaccine. AnimatedHistory documents The Deadly Experiment That Rebuilt Modern Medicine, published in 2026. Held for culture, stain and the laboratory bench.
  104. - La Peste : la maladie la plus terrifiante de l’Histoire ? 🦠 | Institut Pasteur | Histoires Virales. Institut Pasteur examines La Peste : la maladie la plus terrifiante de l’Histoire ? 🦠, published in 2026. It sits in the archive as the organism as a laboratory object.
  105. - What is hantavirus and how is it spread? | BBC News. BBC News records What is hantavirus and how is it spread?, published in 2026. Kept as the instruments that made the invisible visible.
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