Wards

The buildings and the systems. Fracture wards, the open-air sanatoria for tuberculosis of the spine, the polio wards and their respirators, rehabilitation centres, and the specialist hospitals built for children with rickets and deformity. Also the accident service Robert Jones built for the Manchester Ship Canal between 1888 and 1893, which is a civilian industrial origin for the modern trauma system and a useful corrective to the idea that war invented everything here.

Part of Orthopedics

109 moments in this segment.

  1. - A human skeleton, seen from the back, bent forward with his hands clasped to his skull, after Vesalius. Engraving by Benard, late 18th century, after a woodcut, 1543.. 1543.
  2. - A human skeleton, seen from the back, bent forward with his hands clasped to his skull, after Vesalius. Engraving by Benard, 1779, after a woodcut, 1543.. 1543.
  3. - Catalogue of the Society of Apothecaries, London : who have been examined, and are by act of Parliament exempted from all Parish, Ward and Leet offices, and from serving on juries : incorporated 1617. .. / Frederick Kanmacher. List of members (mostly in London), dated 28 September 1809. Long wards of children in frames are the characteristic institutional image of orthopedics for the first two thirds of the twentieth century, when the caseload was polio and skeletal tuberculosis.
  4. - The Hospital of Bethlem [Bedlam] at Moorfields, London: seen from the north, with ladies and gentlemen walking in the foreground, one giving money to a lame man. Engraving by W. H. Toms.. 1675-1676 in Moorfields, London. Open-air schools, convalescent hospitals, seaside and mountain institutions and long wards of children in frames are social history as much as medical history.
  5. - Summer - Nan West Mural - RNOH - Bolsover St East Marylebone. The new outpatient department of the Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital in Bolsover Street, central London was opened In 1927. Open-air schools, convalescent hospitals, seaside and mountain institutions and long wards of children in frames are social history as much as medical history.
  6. - St Luke's Hospital, Cripplegate, London, with a map of Cripplegate Ward and the armorial device of John Blachford. Engraving by B. Cole, 1755.
  7. - Richard Smith junior (1772-1843), surgeon to the Bristol Royal Infirmary 1796-1843. Oil painting by John Hazlitt, 1824.
  8. - Interior of the women's ward at St Luke's Hospital, Cripplegate, London. Coloured aquatint by J.C. Stadler after A.C. Pugin and T. Rowlandson, 1809, of the interior of the women's ward, with many inmates and a member of staff, at St Luke's Hospital, Cripplegate, London. Long wards of children in frames are the characteristic institutional image of orthopedics for the first two thirds of the twentieth century, when the caseload was polio and skeletal tuberculosis.
  9. - Old St. Thomas's Hospital: a cadaver, a skull, bones of the lower leg and foot, and two bell-jars on stands. Engraving by A. R. Freebairn after a medallion by W. Wyon, 1829.. Old St. Thomas's Hospital: a cadaver, a skull, bones of the lower leg and foot, and two bell-jars on stands. Engraving. R. Freebairn after a medallion by W. Wyon, 1829. This print is an anaglyptograph after the reverse of the Cheselden Medal, awarded at St. Thomas's Hospital Medical School for distinction in practical examination in surgery and surgical anatomy. William Cheselden published Osteographia, an atlas of the human skeleton.
  10. - The anatomy of the bones of the human body; represented in a series of engravings, copied from the elegent tables of Sue and Albinus / By Edward Mitchell, engraver... With explanatory references,
  11. - An episode in the novel Old London Bridge by G.H. Rodwell: an attack by robbers on a cottage on Putney Heath, London, is resisted with gunfire by two of the occupants, Edward Osborne and The Cripple o. 1848. Long wards of children in frames are the characteristic institutional image of orthopedics for the first two thirds of the twentieth century, when the caseload was polio and skeletal tuberculosis.
  12. - Einar Key (fourth from left), a Swedish surgeon, in an operating theatre with other surgical staff. Photograph.. (Stockholm 1872-1954) was a surgeon particularly known for the surgical removal of embolisms from peripheral arteries. The operating theatre changed twice in this history, first by anaesthesia which permitted time, and then by asepsis which replaced Lister's carbolic spray.
  13. - The Sanatorium and grounds, Bournemouth. Photolithograph after an etching.
  14. - Highlands of Brazil Sanatorium, São Paulo: exterior seen from a distance. Photograph.
  15. - St Marylebone Infirmary, Exmoor Street, London: the Prince and Princess of Wales visiting patients in one of the wards. Wood engraving, ca. 1881.. 1879-81 in northern Kensington as no land was available in St Marylebone. Open-air schools, convalescent hospitals, seaside and mountain institutions and long wards of children in frames are social history as much as medical history.
  16. - Highlands of Brazil Sanatorium, São Paulo: elevations and plans. Lithograph, 1886.
  17. - Leysin, the village and sanatorium in winter, Canton of Vaud, Switzerland-LCCN2001703351. Forms part of: Views of Switzerland in the Photochrom print collection.; Title from the Detroit Publishing Co., Catalogue J-foreign section, Detroit, Mich. Auguste Rollier at Leysin in Switzerland is the central figure in sun therapy for surgical tuberculosis, from around 1903.
  18. - Leysin, the sanatorium and Chaussy in winter, Canton of Vaud, Switzerland-LCCN2001703352. Print no. "1495".; Title from the Detroit Publishing Co., Catalogue J-foreign section, Detroit, Mich. Auguste Rollier at Leysin in Switzerland is the central figure in sun therapy for surgical tuberculosis, from around 1903.
  19. - Purulia Leper Home and Hospital, Bihar, India: view of large hospital buildings with pillars: the men's hospital and the tuberculosis ward. Photograph, 1890/1920.
  20. - Cardiff Sanatorium: a plaque recording its opening in 1895. Photograph, ca. 1895.. 8 August 1895, under the Health and Port Sanitary Committee of Cardiff; architect Wm. Tuberculosis of the spine and joints produced deformity, abscess, paralysis and long confinement.
  21. - Cardiff Sanatorium. Photograph, ca. 1895.. (this catalogue no. 5i) on the verso of the same mount as the present photograph shows a metal plaque giving information about the institution: it is Cardiff Sanatorium, opened on 8 August 1895, under the Health and Port Sanitary Committee of Cardiff; architect Wm. Tuberculosis of the spine and joints produced deformity, abscess, paralysis and long confinement.
  22. - Two views showing the new Rachitici institute and the surrounding woodland area of San Michele, Bologna, Italy. Wood engraving after a photograph by A. Belvederi, 1896.. Two views showing the new Rachitici institute and the surrounding woodland area of San Michele, Bologna, Italy. Wood engraving after a photograph. Belvederi, 1896. Rickets, nutritional vitamin D deficiency causing bone deformity, was historically associated with industrial cities, smoke and lack of sunlight and was known in Britain as the English disease. Cod liver oil, the identification of vitamin D and food fortification largely ended it in wealthy countries, and it has returned in some populations.
  23. - A girl with tuberculosis appealing for funds for a sanatorium for tuberculous children in Zürich. Colour lithograph after H.C. Ulrich, 1905.
  24. - Charing Cross Hospital: a portrait of house surgeons. Photograph, 1906.
  25. - Holloway Sanatorium, Virginia Water, Surrey: aerial view showing the new male wing. Photolithograph, 1906.
  26. - King Edward VII Sanatorium, Midhurst, Sussex: nurses and medical staff (?) about to dine. Photograph, 1907.
  27. - Queen Alexandra's Hospital for Children with Hip Disease, Queen Square, Holborn: the interior of a ward, with a teacher giving a gymnastics lesson. Photogravure after A. Forestier, 1908.. Queen Alexandra's Hospital for Children with Hip Disease, Queen Square, Holborn: the interior of a ward, with a teacher giving a gymnastics lesson. Photogravure after. Forestier, 1908. This scene is presumably in the hospital building in Queen Square, built 1899, disused by 1952 (Pevsner). Long wards of children in frames are the characteristic institutional image of orthopedics for the first two thirds of the twentieth century, when the caseload was polio and skeletal tuberculosis.
  28. - St Marylebone Infirmary, London: ward with nurses and patients. Photograph, 1910.
  29. - Mount Alto Sanatorium: the infirmary, Franklin County, Pennsylvania. Photographic postcard, ca. 1910.
  30. - Koloman Moser Dents du Midi. "Dents du Midi", vom Sanatorium Les Chamois in Leysin aus gesehen, um 1913, monogrammiert KM, rückseitig auf Keilrahmen und verblasst auf Leinwand zweimal querrechteckiger Stempel "NACHLASS KOLOMAN MOSER", in schwarzem Pinsel Nachlass-Nr. Auguste Rollier at Leysin in Switzerland is the central figure in sun therapy for surgical tuberculosis, from around 1903.
  31. - Tuberculosis, Healing of the Hills: Stony Wold Sanatorium (1920). Film of 1920 on Stony Wold Sanatorium. Open-air treatment and heliotherapy governed sanatorium architecture, with balconies and outdoor wards.
  32. - A hospital ward (acute surgical?), Newcastle: nursing and medical staff group portrait, April 1924. Copy photograph after the 1924 original.
  33. - Sanatorium Universitaire International Leysin Hs 0562-0036-006. Auguste Rollier at Leysin in Switzerland is the central figure in sun therapy for surgical tuberculosis, from around 1903.
  34. - The Story of Warm Springs, F.D.R.'s Polio Retreat- 1930 Documentary | 16mm Scan. A 1930 documentary on Warm Springs, Georgia, scanned from 16mm. Roosevelt bought the resort in 1926 and turned it into a polio rehabilitation centre.
  35. - Tuberculosis medical care in a village settlement - Film 16119. Archive film of tuberculosis care in a village settlement. Settlement and colony models kept patients in institutions for years.
  36. - FDR at Warm Springs. Footage of Roosevelt at Warm Springs. He bought the property in 1926 and it became the centre of American polio rehabilitation.
  37. - Fred Snite Jr. in an iron lung arrives home to enter a hospital for infantile par...HD Stock Footage. Footage of Fred Snite Jr arriving home in an iron lung. Snite lived in the machine for eighteen years and became a widely reported public figure.
  38. - “GOODBYE, MR. GERM” 1940 TUBERCULOSIS DISEASE PREVENTION PUBLIC HEALTH FILM EDWARD ULLMER XD60904. Goodbye, Mr Germ, a tuberculosis prevention film of 1940. Skeletal tuberculosis, including Pott's disease of the spine, was a major orthopedic caseload before antibiotics.
  39. - Another to Conquer
  40. - " ANOTHER TO CONQUER " 1941 NATIONAL TUBERCULOSIS ASSOCIATION FILM NAVAJO INDIAN SCHOOL SM11295. Another to Conquer, a 1941 National Tuberculosis Association film made at a Navajo school. Public health filmmaking of this period addressed Native American communities in terms the communities did not set.
  41. - Rehabilitation and You (1945). Rehabilitation and You, a New Zealand government film of 1945. Post-war rehabilitation schemes were built around returning injured servicemen to work.
  42. - Fighters in White, 1940s. Fighters in White, a New York State film of the 1940s. State public health films document the ward conditions of the tuberculosis and polio era.
  43. - Epidemic's Children - 1940s Polio Epidemic Fundraising Film with Iron Lungs 84610 HD. Epidemic's Children, a 1940s polio fundraising film showing iron lung wards. Fundraising imagery of this kind is the largest single body of polio photography that survives.
  44. - LIFE BEGINS AGAIN 1947 BRITISH CONVALESCENT HOSPITAL & PHYSICAL REHABILITATION FILM 85084 xx. Life Begins Again, a British convalescent hospital and physical rehabilitation film of 1947. Post-war rehabilitation institutions were built on the assumption of long stays.
  45. - LIFE BEGINS AGAIN 1947 BRITISH CONVALESCENT HOSPITAL & PHYSICAL REHABILITATION FILM 85084. Life Begins Again, a British convalescent and rehabilitation film of 1947. Post-war rehabilitation institutions assumed stays of months.
  46. - Polio USA 1948. Epidemic: A Repeating Nightmare | 16mm Film Print. A 16mm print of an American polio film from 1948. Epidemic summers closed pools and cinemas and filled hospital wards.
  47. - ELEANOR ROOSEVELT 1949 POLIO AWARENESS FILM "HIS FIGHTING CHANCE" 49464. His Fighting Chance, a 1949 polio awareness film featuring Eleanor Roosevelt. Fundraising films used images of braced children deliberately, which is worth naming rather than reproducing uncritically.
  48. - Polio (1950). British Pathé film on polio from 1950. British epidemic years peaked in the early 1950s, shortly before the Salk vaccine.
  49. - Mobile Operating Theatre (1951). British Pathé film of 1951 showing a mobile operating theatre. Mobile surgical capacity developed in parallel in military and civil defence planning.
  50. - Iron Lung (061). Vaccination against polio began with the Salk vaccine in 1955. Polio paralysis was responsible for more orthopedic cases than any other disease or condition of its era.
  51. - Two Lives (National Tuberculosis Association, 1953). Two Lives, a National Tuberculosis Association film of 1953, held by the National Library of Medicine. Skeletal tuberculosis produced the spinal and joint deformity that filled orthopedic wards.
  52. - " THEY SHALL NOT WANT " 1954 MARCH OF DIMES MEDICAL RESEARCH & TREATMENT OF POLIO VICTIMS GG46525. They Shall Not Want, a March of Dimes film of 1954 on polio research and treatment. The March of Dimes generated an enormous quantity of photography and poster art, much of it explicitly promotional and much of it depicting braced children.
  53. - Charity for Polio, 1950's - Film 7995. Archive film of polio charity work in the 1950s. Voluntary fundraising paid for much of the ward and appliance provision of the polio era.
  54. - "1955 Polio Epidemic". Hospital archive film of the 1955 polio epidemic. 1955 was the year the Salk vaccine was announced, but cases continued while immunisation was rolled out.
  55. - Tuberculosis (Third Edition) 1955. Tuberculosis, an American public health film of 1955. Antibiotics ended the sanatorium era and the buildings were repurposed, Charnley's Wrightington among them.
  56. - Dixon Cottages at Mont Alto Sanatorium for tuberculosis, Pennsylvania, USA. Photograph of the Dixon Cottages and pine trees at Mont Alto Sanatorium for tuberculosis, Pennsylvania, USA. Tuberculosis of the spine and joints produced deformity, abscess, paralysis and long confinement.
  57. - Coventry - Polio Strikes (1957). British Pathé on a polio outbreak in Coventry in 1957. Local epidemics continued in Britain after the vaccine became available.
  58. - The romance of orthopaedic development (1961). Wellcome Library film The romance of orthopaedic development, made in 1961. Films of this period show a specialty still built around children, long stays, plaster and calipers.
  59. - Polio outbreak, 1960's -- Film 32030. Archive film of a polio outbreak in the 1960s. Polio paralysis was responsible for more orthopedic cases than any other disease or condition of its era.
  60. - An operating theatre: surgical staff performing an operation. Photograph, ca. 1970.. 's carbolic spray.
  61. - Princess Diana Visits Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital | March 23, 1984. Princess Diana visits the Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital in March 1984. Royal patronage was a standard fundraising mechanism for British orthopedic hospitals across the twentieth century.
  62. - Beau-Site LAS building. This is the Science wing of LAS Savoy campus: Beau-Site: das 1914 gebaute Sanatorium Beau-Site wurde 1920 vom Kanton Neuenburg erworben und der Fondation du Sanatorium Populaire Neuchâtelois übergeben. Tuberculosis of the spine and joints produced deformity, abscess, paralysis and long confinement.
  63. - Wrightington Hall - Geograph 1688146. Part of the Wrightington, Wigan & Leigh Health Trust. Open-air schools, convalescent hospitals, seaside and mountain institutions and long wards of children in frames are social history as much as medical history.
  64. - History of Howorth Expo Air Flow. History of the Howorth ultra-clean air system used in operating theatres. Clean-air enclosure for joint replacement came directly out of Charnley's work at Wrightington.
  65. - Princess Eugenie 2011. Princess Eugenie visiting the Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital in 2011. Open-air schools, convalescent hospitals, seaside and mountain institutions and long wards of children in frames are social history as much as medical history.
  66. - Water Reed Army Medical Center - The Big Picture. Army film on Walter Reed Army Medical Center. Walter Reed was the principal American military hospital for more than a century before its 2011 closure and merger.
  67. - The entrance to the Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital on Wood Lane - geograph.org.uk - 4148956. Open-air schools, convalescent hospitals, seaside and mountain institutions and long wards of children in frames are social history as much as medical history.
  68. - The Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital on Brockley Hill - geograph.org.uk - 4063574. Open-air schools, convalescent hospitals, seaside and mountain institutions and long wards of children in frames are social history as much as medical history.
  69. - Edward Hickling Bradford. Photogravure after Marshal.
  70. - The Old Operating Theatre with Mark Pilkington | Medical London. Wellcome Collection at the Old Operating Theatre with Mark Pilkington. The theatre dates from before anaesthesia and before antisepsis, and its layout was designed for students to watch.
  71. - The Iron Lung and Polio by M.Rockoff | OPENPediatrics. OPENPediatrics on the iron lung and polio. The machine treated respiratory failure, not the paralysis itself.
  72. - "A Century of Excellence" History of Johns Hopkins Orthopaedic Surgery HD. Johns Hopkins on a century of its orthopaedic surgery department. Institutional histories of this kind record how a specialty built around children, polio and skeletal tuberculosis reoriented toward trauma and degenerative disease after the 1950s.
  73. - Russia Today. Ilizarov Center. Передача на английском языке, 2008год. English-language broadcast from 2008 about the Ilizarov Centre in Kurgan. The institution Ilizarov built in a Siberian city is still the reference centre for his method.
  74. - Heather Perry: “Recycling the Disabled: Modern Medicine in the First World War”. Heather Perry on medicine and disability in the First World War. Wartime rehabilitation was framed around returning men to economic productivity rather than around the men themselves.
  75. - MAST Course Training At The Royal College Of Surgeons - Fri 1 Apr 2016 MOD 45164008. Pictured are service personnel during a MAST Course Training at The Royal College of Surgeons - Fri 18 Mar 2016. Open-air schools, convalescent hospitals, seaside and mountain institutions and long wards of children in frames are social history as much as medical history.
  76. - 4 of the earliest Junior Doctors outside Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NNUH A3. The union’s general secretary Mark Serwotka wrote to the TUC yesterday afternoon to ask that the proposal is discussed at this morning’s gener. Open-air schools, convalescent hospitals, seaside and mountain institutions and long wards of children in frames are social history as much as medical history.
  77. - The opening of the Stanmore building at RNOH in 2018. Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital on the new Stanmore building. The RNOH descends from a nineteenth century lineage of London orthopedic institutions.
  78. - 1. History & Evolution of Hospital for Special Surgery. On the history and evolution of the Hospital for Special Surgery. HSS was founded as the Hospital for the Ruptured and Crippled, a name that records what the specialty was built around.
  79. - A Look Inside The Orthopaedic Trauma Institute. University of California Television inside the Orthopaedic Trauma Institute in San Francisco. Dedicated trauma services descend from civilian industrial accident work as much as from military surgery.
  80. - SWAG History Part 1: Rancho Los Amigos. On the history of Rancho Los Amigos. Institutions built for polio were repurposed for trauma and spinal injury rather than closed.
  81. - Walter Reed: The Battle for Recovery | Retro Report. Retro Report on Walter Reed and the recovery of wounded American servicemen. Blast injury from improvised explosive devices produced amputation patterns unlike earlier wars.
  82. - Leaders & Lectures "The History of the El Katif Shrine and Shriner's Hospital for Children. Lecture on the El Katif Shrine and its children's hospital. The Shriners network was built around polio, skeletal tuberculosis and congenital deformity, the caseload that defined orthopedics for most of the twentieth century.
  83. - Oswestry - Then and now ep5. Oswestry then and now. The Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital grew from Agnes Hunt's convalescent home at Baschurch; Hunt was a nurse who had a disability herself following childhood osteomyelitis, and was a patient as well as a founder.
  84. - Винница. Музей Николая Пирогова. Vinnitsa. Museum of Nikolay Pirogov.. The Nikolai Pirogov museum in Vinnytsia. Pirogov pioneered field surgery, plaster immobilisation and triage in the Crimean War, and plaster of Paris priority between Pirogov and Antonius Mathijsen is genuinely contested and taught differently in different countries.
  85. - Shriners: A History of Brotherhood & Compassion. Documentary on the history of the Shriners hospitals. The Shriners network was built for children with polio, skeletal tuberculosis and congenital deformity, and was repurposed as those caseloads fell.
  86. - Divine Appointments - Full Documentary. CURE International documentary on its paediatric orthopedic hospitals. Charitable hospital networks carry much of the clubfoot and deformity correction work in low-income countries.
  87. - History of Polio in Greensboro. On the history of polio in Greensboro, North Carolina. American cities built emergency ward capacity during the epidemic summers of the 1940s and 1950s.
  88. - Wrightington, Wrightington Hospital Entrance - geograph.org.uk - 6298081. Wrightington : Wrightington Hospital Entrance. Open-air schools, convalescent hospitals, seaside and mountain institutions and long wards of children in frames are social history as much as medical history.
  89. - Museum of disABILITY History: General Overview. Overview of the Museum of disABILITY History. The institutional record of disability includes segregated hospitals and long-stay facilities.
  90. - The Old Operating Theatre with Monica Walker. Inside History Podcast at the Old Operating Theatre with Monica Walker. The building was rediscovered in the twentieth century after being sealed for decades.
  91. - People + Places: The Forgotten Story of Rancho Los Amigos. Los Angeles Conservancy on the history of Rancho Los Amigos. The site began as a county poor farm and became a major rehabilitation centre.
  92. - A Day in a Sanatorium - part 1. A Day in a Sanatorium, from the Barts Health NHS Trust archives. British sanatoria ran on strict daily routines built around rest and open air.
  93. - Graham Mooney - From Casualty Room to A&E: History of a Hospital Space. Graham Mooney on the history of the hospital casualty room and its transformation into the accident and emergency department. Robert Jones's Manchester Ship Canal accident service of 1888 to 1893 is an early civilian model for organised trauma care.
  94. - Archiving Olive View: 100 Years of Public Health in Los Angeles. USC Libraries on archiving Olive View and a century of public health in Los Angeles. Olive View was built as a tuberculosis sanatorium and later became a general hospital.
  95. - Hospital History and Conditions Treated at Shriners Hospitals for Children-Galveston. UTMB School of Nursing on the history of Shriners Hospitals for Children in Galveston and the conditions it treated. Long-stay paediatric orthopedics was the specialty's institutional identity before the 1950s.
  96. - «Встань и иди. 100 лет исцелений». Документальный фильм. Russian documentary on a century of an orthopedic and rehabilitation institution. Soviet and Russian orthopedic institutions developed largely out of contact with Western practice, which is why Ilizarov's method took twenty years to cross over.
  97. - Florence Nightingale: The Crimean War. On Florence Nightingale and the Crimean War. Nikolai Pirogov was working on the Russian side of the same war and organised nursing there too.
  98. - Private entrance to the Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital - geograph.org.uk - 6747630. Open-air schools, convalescent hospitals, seaside and mountain institutions and long wards of children in frames are social history as much as medical history.
  99. - The Intimate Secret Life Of Franklin D. Roosevelt | The Wheelchair President. Documentary on Franklin D. Roosevelt's paralysis and how it was managed in public. Roosevelt contracted polio in 1921 and founded the treatment centre at Warm Springs, Georgia.
  100. - Gateway near Wrightington Hospital - geograph.org.uk - 7201601. Gateway near Wrightington Hospital. Open-air schools, convalescent hospitals, seaside and mountain institutions and long wards of children in frames are social history as much as medical history.
  101. - Entrance to Wrightington Hospital - geograph.org.uk - 7201597. Entrance to Wrightington Hospital. Open-air schools, convalescent hospitals, seaside and mountain institutions and long wards of children in frames are social history as much as medical history.
  102. - Professor Josep Trueta - the third Nuffield Professor of Orthopaedics. NDORMS on Josep Trueta, the third Nuffield Professor of Orthopaedics at Oxford. Trueta developed wound management methods in the Spanish Civil War and brought them to Britain; he died in 1977.
  103. - RAMM: A Picture of Health - the Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital. Royal Albert Memorial Museum in Exeter on the history of the Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital. Provincial voluntary hospitals like this one carried much of the fracture and accident work of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
  104. - For the Care of the Sick: A Brief History of Old St Thomas’ Hospital. For the Care of the Sick, a longer history of Old St Thomas' Hospital. The hospital's medieval foundation predates surgery as a profession separate from barbering.
  105. - Tuberculosis: The Forgotten Plague | Lost LA | S6 E5. PBS SoCal on tuberculosis in Los Angeles. Sanatoria were built in dry climates on the open-air treatment theory associated with Auguste Rollier at Leysin.
  106. - The Polio Crusade | Full Documentary | American Experience | PBS. American Experience documentary The Polio Crusade. It covers the epidemics, the March of Dimes and the Salk announcement of 12 April 1955.
  107. - The Museum of Disability History at the Viscardi Center – Disability History New York City. On the Museum of Disability History at the Viscardi Center in New York. Disability history museums document the institutions built around polio, and how disabled people were treated in them.
  108. - April 2026 - Jean-Claude Theis - Polio. Jean-Claude Theis on polio, at the Otago Medical School Alumni Association. Polio is not history everywhere: wild poliovirus transmission persists in a small number of countries and large survivor populations live worldwide.
  109. - Surviving Polio | The History of the Iron Lung | Here’s the Thing. Science Museum on surviving polio and the history of the iron lung. The machine was expensive enough in the 1930s to be a significant hospital capital purchase.
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