X-rays

Seeing inside, which changed this field faster than anything before it. Rontgen published in December 1895 and the surgical use on broken bones was in the first newspaper story about the discovery, on 5 January 1896, with clinical fracture plates within weeks. Compare antisepsis, a cheap idea that took twenty years to be accepted and was then superseded by asepsis. Also the early tubes and fluoroscopes, the shoe-fitting machines, the memorial in Hamburg to the radiologists who died of their own equipment, and the later imaging that followed.

Part of Orthopedics

98 moments in this segment.

  1. - Bullet wound. Archives of the Roentgen ray. Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen observed the effect on 8 November 1895 at Wurzburg. One of the earliest plates is the hand of his wife Anna Bertha Ludwig, with her ring visible.
  2. - Layers of tin foil, viewed under x-ray. Photoprint from radiograph by W.K. Röntgen, 1895.. (x-ray photographs) made by the German physicist, Wilhelm Konrad Röntgen (1845-1923). Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen observed the effect on 8 November 1895 at Wurzburg.
  3. - Unloading apparatus with leaden cage, viewed under x-ray. Photoprint from radiograph by W.K. Röntgen, 1895.. 's evidence to prove that x-rays, unlike cathode rays, are not deflected by a magnet The print is from one of the first radiographs (x-ray photographs) made by the German physicist, Wilhelm Konrad Röntgen (1845-1923). Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen observed the effect on 8 November 1895 at Wurzburg.
  4. - A wire wound around a wooden spool, viewed through x-ray. Photoprint from radiograph by W.K. Röntgen, 1895.. (x-ray photographs) made by the German physicist, Wilhelm Konrad Röntgen (1845-1923). Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen observed the effect on 8 November 1895 at Wurzburg.
  5. - First medical X-ray by Wilhelm Röntgen of his wife Anna Bertha Ludwig's hand - 18951222. Hand mit Ringen (Hand with Rings): a print of one of the first X-rays by Wilhelm Röntgen (1845-1923) of the left hand of his wife Anna Bertha Ludwig. Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen observed the effect on 8 November 1895 at Wurzburg.
  6. - Hopital Laquintini-4993 11. Adoption was near-immediate and specifically for bone. The Vienna newspaper Die Presse carried the discovery on 5 January 1896 and the report already named the surgical application, that a surgeon could determine the extent of a complicated fracture without painful manual examination.
  7. - Diagram of x-ray photography in 1896. Reproduction of a photograph published in Thompson, Edward, P: Roentgen rays and phenomena of the anode and cathode, New York : D. Van Nostrand, 1896. Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen observed the effect on 8 November 1895 at Wurzburg.
  8. - The bones of a hand, with the tip of the index finger missing, viewed through x-ray. Photoprint from radiograph after Sir Arthur Schuster, 1896.. 1896 under the direction of the British physicist, Sir Arthur Schuster (1851-1934). Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen observed the effect on 8 November 1895 at Wurzburg.
  9. - Two hands, viewed through x-ray. Photoprint from radiograph after Sir Arthur Schuster, 1896.. 1896 under the direction of the British physicist, Sir Arthur Schuster (1851-1934). Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen observed the effect on 8 November 1895 at Wurzburg.
  10. - A knee joint, viewed through x-ray. Photoprint from radiograph after Sir Arthur Schuster, 1896.. 1896 under the direction of the British physicist, Sir Arthur Schuster (1851-1934). Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen observed the effect on 8 November 1895 at Wurzburg.
  11. - The bones of a foot, viewed through x-ray. Photoprint from radiograph after Sir Arthur Schuster, 1896.. 1896 under the direction of the British physicist, Sir Arthur Schuster (1851-1934). Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen observed the effect on 8 November 1895 at Wurzburg.
  12. - The bones of a forearm, viewed through x-ray. Photoprint from radiograph after Sir Arthur Schuster, 1896.. 1896 under the direction of the British physicist, Sir Arthur Schuster (1851-1934). Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen observed the effect on 8 November 1895 at Wurzburg.
  13. - The bones of the wrist, viewed through x-ray. Photoprint from radiograph after Sir Arthur Schuster, 1896.. 1896 under the direction of the British physicist, Sir Arthur Schuster (1851-1934). Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen observed the effect on 8 November 1895 at Wurzburg.
  14. - The bones of a hand, viewed through x-ray. Photoprint from radiograph after Sir Arthur Schuster, 1896.. 1896 under the direction of the British physicist, Sir Arthur Schuster (1851-1934). Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen observed the effect on 8 November 1895 at Wurzburg.
  15. - The bones of an elbow joint, viewed through x-ray. Photoprint from radiograph after Sir Arthur Schuster, 1896.. 1896 under the direction of the British physicist, Sir Arthur Schuster (1851-1934). Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen observed the effect on 8 November 1895 at Wurzburg.
  16. - The bones of a hand and wrist, viewed through x-ray. Photoprint from radiograph after Sir Arthur Schuster, 1896.. 1896 under the direction of the British physicist, Sir Arthur Schuster (1851-1934). Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen observed the effect on 8 November 1895 at Wurzburg.
  17. - The bones of the radius and ulna, viewed through x-ray. Photoprint from radiograph after Sir Arthur Schuster, 1896.. 1896 under the direction of the British physicist, Sir Arthur Schuster (1851-1934). Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen observed the effect on 8 November 1895 at Wurzburg.
  18. - The bones in the joint of an elbow, viewed through x-ray. Photoprint from radiograph after Sir Arthur Schuster, 1896.. 1896 under the direction of the British physicist, Sir Arthur Schuster (1851-1934). Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen observed the effect on 8 November 1895 at Wurzburg.
  19. - The bones of the ribs and vertebral column, viewed through x-ray. Photoprint from radiograph after Sir Arthur Schuster, 1896.. 1896 under the direction of the British physicist, Sir Arthur Schuster (1851-1934). Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen observed the effect on 8 November 1895 at Wurzburg.
  20. - The X Rays (1897). The X Rays, a British film of 1897 held by the BFI National Archive. It was made barely a year after Röntgen's announcement, which is itself evidence of how fast the discovery entered public awareness.
  21. - Two Geissler discharge tubes for experiments on the effects of cathode rays / M0015830: Early x-ray tube with convex cathode, anti-cathode and anode, c.1897. Photograph of two Geissler tubes and an early x-ray tube. Early x-ray tubes were gas tubes of the Crookes type, later displaced by the Coolidge hot-cathode tube.
  22. - X-ray of the hand of a healthy adult, c.1900. One of the earliest X-ray photographs to be made in the UK, from an original plate made by Sidney Rowland in 1896. Fracture and foreign-body localisation need no contrast medium, no injection and little interpretation training, which is why radiography was adopted for bone faster than for anything else.
  23. - Surgeons examining a Mauser bullet in a man's chest via the use of an X-ray. Halftone, 1900, after W. Small.. 5 January 1896 and the report already named the surgical application, that a surgeon could determine the extent of a complicated fracture without painful manual examination.
  24. - Apparatus and stretcher for x-ray therapy in 1902. Reproduction of a photograph published in Thompson, Edward, P: Roentgen rays and phenomena of the anode and cathode, New York : D. Van Nostrand, 1896. Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen observed the effect on 8 November 1895 at Wurzburg.
  25. - Holder for X-ray tube, 1902. Reproduction of a photograph of a holder for an x-ray tube coated with many layers of white paint, one of the very few to give some protection from the danger of x-rays to operator and patient. Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen observed the effect on 8 November 1895 at Wurzburg.
  26. - X-ray therapy in 1902: the patient on a couch and a shield round the tube - an unusual precaution at that time. Reproduction of a photograph published in Williams, Francis H: The Roentgen rays in medicine and surgery as an aid in diagnosis and as a therapeutic agent designed for the use of practitioners and students, New York : Macmillan, 1902. Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen observed the effect on 8 November 1895 at Wurzburg.
  27. - Holder for X-ray tube in closed position. Photograph reproduced in Williams, Francis H: The Roentgen rays in medicine and surgery as an aid in diagnosis and as a therapeutic agent designed for the use of practitioners and students, New York : Macmillan, 1902. Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen observed the effect on 8 November 1895 at Wurzburg.
  28. - Diagram made from x-ray of a patient diagnosed with tuberculosis.. 8 November 1895 at Wurzburg.
  29. - Johannesburg Hospital, South Africa: man in heavy apron, face mask and glove, possibly holding x-ray plate, standing aside seated male. Photograph, c. 1905.. 5 January 1896 and the report already named the surgical application, that a surgeon could determine the extent of a complicated fracture without painful manual examination.
  30. - A practical treatise on fractures and dislocations (1907). Plate from A practical treatise on fractures and dislocations, 1907 by Stimson, Lewis Atterbury (New York Philadelphia : Lea brothers :). Adoption was near-immediate and specifically for bone.
  31. - The illustrated London news, no. 3720, vol. CXXXVII Saturday, August 6, 1910 : The cabinet that saves the operator from the evils of x-rays: the King looking at a patient under the x-rays at the Londo. / drawn by S. Begg. Cover of the Illustrated London news for 6 August 1910 showing King George V visiting the London Hospital, viewing a radiotherapy session behind leaded glass - following the deaths of Dr. F. S. Pepperdene and Mr. Cox. Adoption was near-immediate and specifically for bone.
  32. - X-ray tube suitable for treatment or radiograph with light currents. Photograph of an x-ray tube inscribed "Cox's Record Regulating tube", from c.1910. Early x-ray tubes were gas tubes of the Crookes type, later displaced by the Coolidge hot-cathode tube.
  33. - Living anatomy and pathology; (1910). Plate from Living anatomy and pathology;, 1910 by Rotch, Thomas Morgan (Philadelphia London, J. B. Lippincott company). Long wards of children in frames are the characteristic institutional image of orthopedics for the first two thirds of the twentieth century, when the caseload was polio and skeletal tuberculosis.
  34. - X-ray tube, common type. Photograph of an x-ray tube from c.1915 inscribed "Instanta Tube, Macalister-Wiggin pattern, sole British Manufacturers Newton and Wright". Early x-ray tubes were gas tubes of the Crookes type, later displaced by the Coolidge hot-cathode tube.
  35. - X-ray valve tube, common type in blue glass. Photograph of an x-ray valve tube inscribed "Made in England by Cuthbert Andrews", from c.1915. Early x-ray tubes were gas tubes of the Crookes type, later displaced by the Coolidge hot-cathode tube.
  36. - Journal of radiology (1922). Plate from Journal of radiology, 1922 by Radiological Society of North America American College of Radiology and Physiotherapy (Omaha, Neb., : (Radiological Pub. Adoption was near-immediate and specifically for bone.
  37. - Wellcome Historical Musem exhibition "Electricity in the Service of Medicine": x-ray unit. Photograph of a Siemens x-ray unit, 1930, from the exhibition "Electricity in the Service of Medicine" which opened at 183 Euston Road in December 1956. Early x-ray tubes were gas tubes of the Crookes type, later displaced by the Coolidge hot-cathode tube.
  38. - X-ray of a spine showing lesions from a woman from a pre-dynastic burial, Egypt. Plate IV from Moodie, Roy: Roentgenologic studies of Egyptian and Peruvian mummies, Chicago, 1931. Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen observed the effect on 8 November 1895 at Wurzburg.
  39. - Exploring with X-Rays, Part 1 - 1941. Exploring with X-Rays, a film of 1941 held by miSci in Schenectady. Industrial and medical radiography developed together, and General Electric was a major maker of both.
  40. - Later version of the Coolidge x-ray tube. Photograph of a later version of the Coolidge X-ray tube. Early x-ray tubes were gas tubes of the Crookes type, later displaced by the Coolidge hot-cathode tube.
  41. - JONAS SALK DISCOVERS POLIO VACCINE - 1955. Newsreel footage from 1955 announcing the Salk polio vaccine. The vaccine was first tested in 1952 and announced on 12 April 1955; United States cases fell from a peak near 58,000 in 1952 to about 5,600 by 1957.
  42. - Wellcome Historical Medical Museum exhibition "Electricity in the Service of Medicine": Early x-ray tubes, with the introduction of discharge and cathode ray tubes. Display case from the exhibition "Electricity in the Service of Medicine" which opened at 183 Euston Road in December 1956. Early x-ray tubes were gas tubes of the Crookes type, later displaced by the Coolidge hot-cathode tube.
  43. - A message from a child urging people to have x-rays. Lithograph, ca. 1970.. 5 January 1896 and the report already named the surgical application, that a surgeon could determine the extent of a complicated fracture without painful manual examination.
  44. - 1978: Dr Mansfield's MRI MEDICAL MARVEL | Tomorrow's World | Science and Nature | BBC Archive. BBC Tomorrow's World in 1978 on Peter Mansfield's magnetic resonance imaging work. Mansfield shared the Nobel Prize in 2003 and died in 2017.
  45. - Schucoskop (fcm)jpg. Bildinhalt: Ein Schucoskop war in den 50er und 60er Jahren in Deutschland ein Gerät, bei dem mit Röntgenstrahlen geprüft wurde, ob Schuhe, insbesondere Kinderschuhe passten; ausgestellt im Deutschen Schuhmuseum Hauenstein. Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen observed the effect on 8 November 1895 at Wurzburg.
  46. - History of X-ray technology - Geraldine Mate. Queensland Museum curator Geraldine Mate on the history of X-ray technology. Museum collections hold early tubes, coils and shielding that document how quickly and how unsafely the technology spread.
  47. - Bron - CERMEP - Salle du scanner TEP-CT de 2010, calibrateur de dosage. Adoption was near-immediate and specifically for bone. The Vienna newspaper Die Presse carried the discovery on 5 January 1896 and the report already named the surgical application, that a surgeon could determine the extent of a complicated fracture without painful manual examination.
  48. - Radiology 1300289. Adoption was near-immediate and specifically for bone. The Vienna newspaper Die Presse carried the discovery on 5 January 1896 and the report already named the surgical application, that a surgeon could determine the extent of a complicated fracture without painful manual examination.
  49. - Radiology 1300512 Nevit. Adoption was near-immediate and specifically for bone. The Vienna newspaper Die Presse carried the discovery on 5 January 1896 and the report already named the surgical application, that a surgeon could determine the extent of a complicated fracture without painful manual examination.
  50. - External fixator xray. An X-ray image of an external fixator being used for reduction of a broken bone, in this case, a Colle's fracture. Gavriil Abramovich Ilizarov developed his circular external fixator in 1951 at Kurgan in western Siberia, a young provincial doctor treating a backlog of poorly healed war injuries far from the Soviet academic centres.
  51. - The First Nobel Prize - Röntgen and the Future of X-Rays | Tomorrow Today. Deutsche Welle on Röntgen and the first Nobel Prize in Physics, awarded in 1901. Adoption of radiography was near-immediate and specifically for bone, in sharp contrast to antisepsis, which took roughly twenty years.
  52. - The Scanner Story (Part 1 of 2 of documentary covering early CT development). The Scanner Story, part one of a documentary on early computed tomography development. Godfrey Hounsfield built the first scanner at EMI, funded by a company better known for recorded music.
  53. - The Scanner Story (Part 2 of 2 of documentary covering early CT development). The Scanner Story, part two, on early computed tomography. Hounsfield shared the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Allan Cormack.
  54. - Medical X-Ray imaging CTS03 nevit. Adoption was near-immediate and specifically for bone. The Vienna newspaper Die Presse carried the discovery on 5 January 1896 and the report already named the surgical application, that a surgeon could determine the extent of a complicated fracture without painful manual examination.
  55. - Medical X-Ray imaging GIR04 nevit. Adoption was near-immediate and specifically for bone. The Vienna newspaper Die Presse carried the discovery on 5 January 1896 and the report already named the surgical application, that a surgeon could determine the extent of a complicated fracture without painful manual examination.
  56. - Shoe Store Fluoroscope. A shoe store fluoroscope. These machines sat in shoe shops from the 1920s to the 1970s and delivered unmonitored radiation doses to customers and staff alike.
  57. - BIR Adrian Thomas - CT - A Historical Perspective. Adrian Thomas gives the British Institute of Radiology a historical perspective on computed tomography. Godfrey Hounsfield developed the EMI scanner and shared the Nobel Prize in 1979; Hounsfield died in 2004.
  58. - Sir Peter Mansfield talks about the development of MRI. Sir Peter Mansfield of the University of Nottingham on the development of magnetic resonance imaging. Mansfield shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2003 and died in 2017.
  59. - History of Radiology 1895-2013 - E. A. Franken Jr, MD. University of Iowa lecture covering the history of radiology from 1895 to 2013. The century spans glass plates, the image intensifier, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.
  60. - Science Matters | Episode 106 | X-ray Machines in Shoes Stores. Nine PBS on X-ray machines in shoe stores. The devices were commercially normal for roughly fifty years.
  61. - Vintage X-ray machine that survived Nazi Germany. Wellcome Collection on a vintage X-ray machine that survived Nazi Germany. Apparatus of this age documents the physical scale and hazard of early radiography.
  62. - First X-rays for clinical purposes: Little-known objects in UCL Museums & Collections no. 2. UCL on objects associated with the first clinical use of X-rays in its museums and collections. Clinical fracture radiography followed Röntgen's announcement within weeks.
  63. - New CT scanner bolsters medical capabilities in theater. A U.S. Air Force member lays down as as he is positioned inside of the new CT Scanner at Al Udeid Air Base, Qatar, Nov. Adoption was near-immediate and specifically for bone.
  64. - New CT scanner bolsters medical capabilities in theater. The inside of a new Computed Tomography scanner is shown as it is installed at Al Udeid Air Base, Qatar, Oct. Adoption was near-immediate and specifically for bone.
  65. - Science and Technology: Shoe-fitting fluoroscopes. Imperial College on shoe-fitting fluoroscopes as a case in science and technology. The machines are now a standard teaching example of technological enthusiasm outrunning safety knowledge.
  66. - From the FDA Vault: Radiating Shoe Sales. From the FDA archive, on radiating shoe sales. The regulator's own material records the shoe fluoroscope as a case study in unregulated radiation exposure.
  67. - Greenstick fracture, A-P view. Greenstick fracture of the distal end of the radius. Adoption was near-immediate and specifically for bone.
  68. - Shoe Fitting X-ray Machines - the Adrian Special Fluoroscope. On the Adrian Special shoe fitting fluoroscope. Machines of this kind were eventually banned by state and national regulators.
  69. - 28th December 1895: Wilhelm Röntgen publishes his discovery of X-rays. HistoryPod on Röntgen publishing his discovery of X-rays on 28 December 1895. The surgical use for bone appears in the first newspaper story, in Die Presse of 5 January 1896, and clinical fracture plates followed within weeks.
  70. - Nigoi-CT-Q08937-thumb. Adoption was near-immediate and specifically for bone. The Vienna newspaper Die Presse carried the discovery on 5 January 1896 and the report already named the surgical application, that a surgeon could determine the extent of a complicated fracture without painful manual examination.
  71. - Marie Curie Helped Win WWI | History. History channel item on Marie Curie's radiological work in the First World War. Curie equipped mobile radiography units, known as petites Curies, to bring bone imaging to casualty stations.
  72. - How does an MRI machine work?. Science Museum explains the magnetic resonance imaging scanner. MRI gave orthopedics soft tissue imaging that radiography and computed tomography could not provide.
  73. - Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen and the discovery of the X-rays. Manufacturer-produced account of Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen and the discovery of X-rays, and promotional in origin. Röntgen worked at Würzburg and published Über eine neue Art von Strahlen in 1895.
  74. - George Pirie and the Dundee X-Ray Pioneers. University of Dundee museums on George Pirie and the Dundee X-ray pioneers. Early radiographers worked without shielding and a number of them died of radiation injury; a memorial to the martyrs of radiology stands in Hamburg.
  75. - History of CT. Mayo Clinic on the history of computed tomography. CT gave orthopedics cross-sectional bone imaging for the first time.
  76. - The history of X-ray: a journey through time and medical technology. Manufacturer-produced history of the X-ray. This is promotional material from an imaging company and should be read as such. Röntgen announced his discovery at the end of December 1895.
  77. - Roentgen anniversary: 125 years of new insights - Part 1. University of Würzburg marks 125 years since Röntgen's discovery, made in its own physics institute. The first radiograph is conventionally the hand of his wife Anna Bertha Ludwig.
  78. - Marie Curie: Creator of mobile x-ray units and the first woman to win a Nobel Prize. The Institution of Engineering and Technology on Marie Curie and the mobile X-ray units. Curie was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize and the first person to win in two sciences.
  79. - Wilhelm Röntgen: X-rays | Heroes of Progress | Ep. 26. Short biographical account of Röntgen and X-rays. Röntgen declined to patent the discovery.
  80. - Staples for epiphysiodesis, Blount's disease - rtg. and experiments. Adoption was near-immediate and specifically for bone. The Vienna newspaper Die Presse carried the discovery on 5 January 1896 and the report already named the surgical application, that a surgeon could determine the extent of a complicated fracture without painful manual examination.
  81. - Glasgow and X-rays. Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow on the city's early role in radiography. Glasgow ran clinical X-ray work in the first months after Röntgen's announcement.
  82. - Marie Curie dans la guerre. Réseau Canopé on Marie Curie during the war. Curie trained operators as well as equipping vehicles, and her daughter Irène worked in the programme.
  83. - History of Radiology. On the history of radiology as a discipline. The specialty formed around a technology announced at the very end of 1895 and in clinical use for fractures within weeks.
  84. - History of X-ray Imaging (Radiography & Fluoroscopy). On the history of radiographic and fluoroscopic imaging. Adoption was near-immediate after Röntgen's announcement of 1895, and specifically for bone.
  85. - Blast from the past: Introducing computed tomography in the 1970s. Manufacturer archive footage of computed tomography being introduced in the 1970s, and promotional in origin. CT reached clinical use within a few years of Hounsfield's prototype.
  86. - Moderní výpočetní tomografie s přímo digitální detekcí rentgenového záření. Modern CT scanner located at the Lochotín University Hospital in Pilsen, Czech Republic. Adoption was near-immediate and specifically for bone.
  87. - Wachsende Schaedelfraktur 6mo-14moW - CR seitlich - 001 - Annotation. Wachsende Schädelfraktur: Die Fraktur der Kalotte war primär nur schmal, fissural (linkes Bild, frische Fraktur, Alter 6 Monate). Adoption was near-immediate and specifically for bone.
  88. - History of Radiology - RSCP Video Curriculum. Radiology Scholars Certificate Program lecture on the history of radiology. The specialty of radiology formed around a technology that orthopedic surgery adopted faster than any other.
  89. - The History of Radiology: Discovering X-Rays. Lecture on the discovery of X-rays and the beginnings of radiology. Röntgen's paper of 1895 was followed by clinical bone imaging almost immediately.
  90. - The X-Ray Craze of 1896. Account of the X-ray craze of 1896. Within months of Röntgen's announcement the apparatus was in fairground and department store use as well as in hospitals.
  91. - Talonavikulare Luxation 77W - CR - 001. Adoption was near-immediate and specifically for bone. The Vienna newspaper Die Presse carried the discovery on 5 January 1896 and the report already named the surgical application, that a surgeon could determine the extent of a complicated fracture without painful manual examination.
  92. - Enchondrom der Grundphalanx 2 Zehe 29-41W - CR - 001. Adoption was near-immediate and specifically for bone. The Vienna newspaper Die Presse carried the discovery on 5 January 1896 and the report already named the surgical application, that a surgeon could determine the extent of a complicated fracture without painful manual examination.
  93. - 1895 Events Collage V 1.0. Clockwise: X-ray / Wilhelm Röntgen Kiel Canal completed Second Madagascar expedition First Italo-Ethiopian War Volleyball / William G. Morgan Venezuelan crisis of 1895 Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895) Cuban War of Independence. Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen observed the effect on 8 November 1895 at Wurzburg.
  94. - Digital x-ray copy. A digital x-ray copy of a 29 years old man's right arm, whish showing the repot of minimally displaced fracture at lateral 1/3rd clavicle. Adoption was near-immediate and specifically for bone.
  95. - X-ray Computed Tomography of Astromaterials -- jsc2024e076997. Jsc2024e076997 --- Scott Eckley, X-ray scientist within NASA Johnson Space Center’s Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science (ARES), demonstrates the process for placing a container holding a piece of asteroid material in an X-Ray Computed Tomography (XCT) machine. Long wards of children in frames are the characteristic institutional image of orthopedics for the first two thirds of the twentieth century, when the caseload was polio and skeletal tuberculosis.
  96. - Who First Thought of the X-ray Shoe-Fitting Machine?. Account of the origins of the X-ray shoe-fitting machine. The device is the clearest example of radiography spreading far beyond any clinical or protective framework.
  97. - The 'Petites Curies': Bringing X-rays to the Battlefield. On the petites Curies, the mobile X-ray units Marie Curie organised for the Western Front. Battlefield radiography located fragments and fractures at or near the casualty clearing station.
  98. - The Complete History of X-Rays: The Discovery That Killed the Doctors Who Made It. Long-form history of X-rays including the deaths of early radiation workers. The memorial to the martyrs of radiology in Hamburg records the names of those killed by the technology they pioneered.
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