Medicine

Seven thousand years of trying to fix the human body, told through what survives: trepanned skulls and bronze acupuncture figures, anatomical theatres and plague broadsides, the first ether operation and the first vaccine, iron lungs and X-ray tubes, midwives and asylums and field hospitals. It follows the instruments and the buildings as much as the discoveries, because those are what the record actually holds. Where medicine did harm, and it did a great deal, that is here too, stated once and plainly. The patients in these pictures did not choose to be in them, and the archive is built to respect that.

A chronological documentary of 1,997 moments spanning -5000–2026 on Loreline.

Curated by Olivier · last updated 2026-09-20

Eras

Surgery, Cutting, from trepanation through the pre-anaesthetic era of speed, to the operating theatres that made it survivable. The instruments in this facet are the argument: they get finer as the century turns.
Pharmacy, The apothecary and the drug: albarelli and shop rounds, materia medica, patent nostrums, opium, aspirin, insulin and antibiotics. The line between medicine and poison is a matter of dose.
Prosthetics, Replacing what is missing: the Cairo toe, iron hands, the vast prosthetic effort after the First World War, spectacles, hearing aids and dentures.
Instruments, The tools themselves: trepans, lancets, amputation sets, stethoscopes, ophthalmoscopes, syringes. Cased sets of surgical steel are among the most photographed objects in the medical record.
Traditions, Medical systems outside the European lineage: Traditional Chinese medicine and acupuncture, Ayurveda and the Sushruta Samhita, Unani and the physicians of the Islamic Golden Age, Kampo, Tibetan and African healing. Coverage is uneven and the reason is itself a finding: much of what the free record holds was collected by colonial institutions, and a lot of it cannot be shown without using people as specimens.
Midwifery, Birth: the midwife, the obstetric forceps kept secret by one family for a century, the lying-in hospital, and the puerperal fever that made those hospitals more dangerous than the street.
Nursing, Nightingale, Seacole, the field hospital and the professionalisation of care. Nursing is the part of medicine most often photographed and least often credited.
Ethics, Consent and its absence: Tuskegee, Guatemala, the Nuremberg Code, Henrietta Lacks, thalidomide. Stated once, factually, without dwelling. This facet exists because the rest of the archive would be dishonest without it.
Antisepsis, Semmelweis, Lister and carbolic acid. Handwashing was resisted for decades because it implied doctors were carrying the thing that killed their patients, which is exactly what it implied.
Microbes, The germ theory and the equipment that proved it: Leeuwenhoek and Koch, culture plates, the microscope as the instrument that changed what a disease was understood to be.
Imaging, Seeing inside a living person: Röntgen's X-rays and the shoe-fitting fluoroscopes, then ultrasound, CT and MRI. The early radiologists did not know what the dose was doing to them.
Hospitals, The building as a medical instrument, from the bimaristan and the monastic infirmary to the pavilion ward and the modern block. How a hospital is laid out is a theory about what makes people ill.
Epidemics, Plague, cholera, influenza, smallpox, polio, HIV and COVID. Plague doctors, quarantine flags, fever hospitals and the ordinary municipal paperwork of a city trying not to die.
Herbals, The illustrated plant book, from Dioscorides through the great printed herbals. For most of history the pharmacy was a garden, and these are its catalogues.
Anatomy, The body mapped: Vesalius and the anatomical atlases, wax and ivory models, écorché figures, and the long argument about what is actually inside us. The drawings are often beautiful and were often made from people who had no say in the matter.
Asylums, Institutional psychiatry and its buildings, restraints and treatments. A facet handled carefully: the record here is overwhelmingly photographs of patients who could not consent, so it is built from architecture, instruments and documents rather than from their faces.
Dissection, The anatomical theatre and everything around it, including the body trade that supplied it. Dissection was a punishment appended to execution long before it was a teaching method, and the resurrection men were a real profession.
Sanitation, The unglamorous facet that saved the most lives: sewers, clean water, the Broad Street pump, drainage and housing. Public health is mostly civil engineering.
Vaccines, From variolation and Jenner's cowpox to the polio campaigns and the eradication of smallpox. Includes the anti-vaccination cartoons, which are as old as vaccination itself.
Anaesthesia, Ether, chloroform and the moment in 1846 when surgery stopped being torture. Also the inhalers, the masks and the long tail of accidents while dosage was learned.

-5000 - Diorama showing trephination in Neolithic times, England, 19. Trephination involves cutting into the skull to remove a small area of bone. It is probably the oldest surgical procedure, thought to date from around 5000 BCE. Dated 5000 BC in the Commons record. Trepanation, cutting a hole in the skull, is among the oldest surgical procedures known, and many prehistoric skulls show bone regrowth around the opening, meaning the patient lived.
-3300 - Trepanned skull, found at Börnecke Schützenholz, c. 3300 BC. Exhibit in the Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum, Braunschweig, Germany. Dated 3300 BC, credited to Daderot. Trepanation, cutting a hole in the skull, is among the oldest surgical procedures known, and many prehistoric skulls show bone regrowth around the opening, meaning the patient lived.
-3300 - Trepanned skull, found at Börnecke Schützenholz, c. 3300 BC. Exhibit in the Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum, Braunschweig, Germany. Dated 3300 BC, credited to Daderot. Trepanation, cutting a hole in the skull, is among the oldest surgical procedures known, and many prehistoric skulls show bone regrowth around the opening, meaning the patient lived This copy is catalogued separately in the 3300 BC group.
-2225 - Pharmacopoeia from Nippur, circa 225BC. The image records pharmacopoeia from Nippur, circa 2225BC General Collections. Dated 2225 BC in the Commons record. A pharmacopoeia fixes what a drug name means and how it must be prepared, turning a local recipe into a standard that can be enforced.
-2013 - BCIAward2013. The jury, organizers, and winner of the 2013 BCI Award. Dated 2013 BC, credited to Alexander Lechner. Prosthetics are designed at the meeting point of engineering and daily life, and the successful ones are the ones people actually wore.
-1000 - Flickr - archer10 (Dennis) - Egypt-10A-029 - Qasr Ibrim. Visitors may only gaze upon Qasr Ibrim (Qasr is Arabic for "fort" so its name means Fort of Ibrim) from a Lake Nasser Cruise boat, as it is no longer accessible to tourists. The site dates to about 1000 BC. Dated 1000 BC, credited to Dennis G. Jarvis. The object is described here as its own tradition understood it, without being read as a rehearsal for later Western practice.
-1000 - Neolithic infant feeding cup, Africa, 1000 BCE-400 BCE. Infants sucked liquids through the conical spout of this simple earthenware feeding cup. It was excavated in 1912 from the grave of twin children in Jebel Moya, Sudan, where Henry Wellcome funded and led a major archaeological expedition. Dated 1000 BC in the Commons record. The doctor's instruments record which parts of the body had become measurable and when.
-650 - Lurestan Fibula. Luristan bronze, disk pin showing a woman giving birth between 2 antelopes, ornamented with flowers, Iranian iron age (1000 to 650 BCE) at the Louvre museum, Paris, France, March 2010. The name “canonical bronze of Luristan” refers to a set of objects testifying of the original culture of a nomadic civilization who lived at the beginning of the iron age on the territory of the actual Iranian. Dated 650 BC, credited to dynamosquito from France. Midwifery was women's work with its own transmitted knowledge until male practitioners entered it with instruments.
-369 - Frances (Appleton) Longfellow to Isaac Appleton Jewett. Manuscript letter Archives Number: 1011/002.001-008#003 Pittsfield. Aug 26th, 1838. Dated 369 BC, credited to Fanny (Appleton) Longfellow (1817-1861). War, industrial injury and disease drove prosthetic design, and each produced different requirements.
-330 - 7175 - Piraeus Arch. Museum, Athens - A woman dead in childbirth - Photo by Giovanni Dall'Orto. Attic funerary stele, showing a seated woman who died in childbirth bidding farewell to her husband, mother and newborn's nurse. Around 350/330 BC. Dated 330 BC, credited to Giovanni Dall'Orto .. Nursing's history is largely undocumented because it was performed by women whose names were not recorded.
-206 - Qing Hao. The Recipes for Fifty-two Kinds of Diseases among archaeological findings in the Mawangdui tomb mentioned Qinghao. A prescription book titled “The Prescription for fifty-two kinds of diseases” was unearthed in 1979 from a Han Tomb (Han dynasty 206 BC, 220 AD) at Ma Wang Dui in the Hunan Province. Dated 206 BC, credited to Unknown author Unknown author. The Mawangdui silk manuscripts, including Recipes for Fifty-Two Ailments, came from a tomb sealed in 168 BCE.
-199 - Bronze scoop, Roman, 199 BCE-400 CE. It is thought that the roughened end of this scoop was used to feel around the bladder for stones. The removal of stones from the bladder is called lithotomy and it can be an incredibly painful process. Dated 199 BC in the Commons record. Surgical instruments were made by cutlers and jewellers, and the finish reflects the trade that made them rather than the wound they entered.
-199 - Thigh tourniquet, Roman, 199 BCE-500 CE. A tourniquet is used to control bleeding, especially during amputations. It is a device that is still in use today. Dated 199 BC in the Commons record. Before anaesthesia the whole design of an amputation set was built around speed, since the patient was awake and held down.
1 - Bacteria used to make wheat seeds nearly immune to wheat take-all. "Wheat seeds treated with bacteria like those colonized in this petri dish are nearly immune to wheat take-all, a root-destroying fungal disease. The sequencing gel in the background bears the genetic code for bacterial enzymes that synthesize natural antibiotics.". Dated 1, credited to Jack Dykinga. Medical ethics is largely written after the fact, and each rule marks a harm that was already done.
0009 - Lave tes mains protocole. Hygienic hand washing protocol illustrated (in French). Dated 9, credited to Vorzinek. Antisepsis was resisted because it accused the surgeon's own hands, which is the part of the story that keeps recurring.
0050 - Reduction of a dislocated mandible by a Greek surgeon.. The image records reduction of a dislocated mandible by a Greek surgeon, from the Commnetary with illustrations of Apollonius of Kitum (1st century B.C.) on Hippocrates, Ms. of 9th century. Dated 50 in the Commons record. Operating theatres were built for teaching as much as for operating, with tiers of students looking down.
0150 - Bronze forceps BM GR1878.10-19.145-GR1814.7-4.969. Forceps romain with fine-toothed hollow jaws. Dated 150 in the Commons record. Dentistry's instruments record a trade that separated from barbering and surgery slowly, and its chairs were built for restraint as much as for comfort.
0150 - KMM - Trepanation. Celtic Museum Manching ( Bavaria ). Skull with trepanation ( 2nd century BC ) from the east gate of the oppidum of Manching. Dated 150, credited to Wolfgang Sauber. Trepanation, cutting a hole in the skull, is among the oldest surgical procedures known, and many prehistoric skulls show bone regrowth around the opening, meaning the patient lived.
0450 - Surgical tools, 5th century BC, Greece (reconstruction). The image records surgical tools, 5th century BC, Greece. Reconstruction based on descriptions within the Hippocratic corpus. Dated 450, credited to Gts-tg. Wound management, not heroic operating, is most of surgery's actual history.
0750 - Skulls from Tel el Duweir. One of the group of 500 skulls from the late 8th Century deposit of human remains which filled the 18th dynasty chamber. Cleared spring 1936. Dated 750 in the Commons record. Military campaigns drove surgical innovation because they supplied injuries in volume.
0950 - Oude Kerk - Old Church Delft.. Although there was another church in the 10th century on this place the year 1246 is given as the official date of birth. Bartholomeus van der Made started rebuilding and extending the church in the middle of the thirteenth century. Dated 950, credited to FaceMePLS from The Hague, The Netherlands. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek made the first direct observations of microorganisms in the 1670s using single-lens microscopes he ground himself, calling what he saw animalcules.
1000 - DeepLearningReconstruction. Figure 8 from Andreas Maier, Christopher Syben. Tobias Lasser. Dated 1000, credited to Andreas Maier. Medical imaging repeatedly arrived from physics and engineering rather than from medicine.
1000 - Ganzkörperhyperthermie Iratherm1000 HeilkundePraxis Werder. Ganzkörperhyperthermiegerät Iratherm 1000, Firma von Ardenne Dresden. Dated 1000, credited to HeilkundePraxis Werder. An instrument case is a portrait of a practice, since it holds only what its owner actually used.
1011 - Frances (Appleton) Longfellow to Isaac Appleton Jewett. Manuscript letter Archives Number: 1011/002.001-008#003 Pittsfield. Aug 26th, 1838. Dated 1011, credited to Fanny (Appleton) Longfellow (1817-1861). The choice between imitating the body and doing the job runs through the whole history of replacement limbs.
1037 - Avicenna (980 - 1037). The image records avicenna (980 - 1037) Arzt, Gelehrter, Medizin, Porträt. Dated 1037, credited to Lithograph by Bauer, printed by J.Ratch. Ibn Sina completed the Canon of Medicine in 1025. It lists roughly 800 medicinal substances and 650 compound formulas, and was still in use as a teaching text as late as 1715 in Padua.
1056 - Semmelweiss Ignác dombormű a Pannon Kincstár épületében. Semmelweis Ignác dombormű a Pannon Kincstár épületében, Budapest, Váci u. Dated 1056, credited to 12akd. Ignaz Semmelweis introduced chlorinated lime handwashing at the Vienna General Hospital in mid-May 1847, and mortality in the First Clinic fell from 18.3 per cent that April to 1.2 per cent by July.
1126 - Averroes. Lithograph by P. R. Vignéron, 1825.. Genre/Technique: Portrait prints. Suject name: Averroës, 1126-1198. Dated 1126 in the Commons record. Manuscript copying preserved these texts across centuries, and the surviving copies are usually much later than the composition.
1150 - Yamai no Soshi - Woman with Cholera Nostras. Yamai no Soshi (病草紙). Dated 1150, credited to Unknown artist Unknown artist. Epidemic response leaves behind administrative objects: notices, registers, cordons and bills of mortality.
1150 - Plan du quartier de Notre-Dame 1150, 1550, 1750. Aerial plans of the area around Notre-Dame Cathedral. Three maps, in order from left to right, show the area in 1750, 1550, and 1150. Dated 1150, credited to Theodor Josef Hubert Hoffbauer. Hospital architecture is an argument about disease made in brick, and each theory of contagion produced a different floor plan.
1154 - Damaskus, Bimaristan Nuri (Nurredin Hospital), 1154. 1154 wurde aus christlichen Lösegeldern von Nurrddin Zengi dasm Krankenhaus und die Medizinische Hochschule im Stil einer seldschukischen Medresse mit Iwanen in den Seiten um einen zentralen Brunnenhof erbaut. Dated 1154, credited to Herbert Frank from Wien (Vienna), AT. The Islamic bimaristan tradition runs from Baghdad in 805 CE, with Cairo's Al-Fustat hospital of 872 CE noted for its treatment of mental illness and the Qalawun complex of 1284 accommodating very large numbers.
1200 - 66-Erbario inglese - 1200 ca. Herbal 66-Erbario inglese. Dated 1200 in the Commons record. A herbal had to be accurate enough to prevent a fatal misidentification, which is why botanical illustration developed such precision.
1219 - Hara Shimetaro-Ijishimbun-1927. First page of Hara Shimetarō: Effects of Moxa on hemoglobin and RBC count. Iji Shinbun 1219, 1927. Dated 1219, credited to WolfgangMichel. Illustrated medical manuscripts were working references, annotated and corrected by the practitioners who owned them.
1224 - Warrior with the Plant Kestron, De Materia Medica of Dioscorides, Iraq 1224. The image records warrior with the Plant Kestron, De Materia Medica of Dioscorides, Iraq 1224. Harvard Art Museums “Official” Turkish figures wear a standard combination of a sharbūsh, a three-quarters length robe, and boots. Dated 1224, credited to 13th century artist. Dioscorides compiled De Materia Medica in the first century CE, and it remained a working reference in Europe and the Islamic world for more than 1,500 years.
1250 - Anatomical figure; c. 1400. Skeletal figure, fol. 169v from University Library, Basle, MS D.11.II, 13th century. Dated 1250 in the Commons record. Anatomical atlases were expensive, slow to produce and copied freely, so a single good plate could shape teaching for a century.
1250 - Examination of nursing mother's breast, 13th Century. The image records examination of nursing mother's breast. Below: medicine draught. Dated 1250 in the Commons record. Obstetric illustration was often the only way a practitioner could study a birth they would not be permitted to attend.
1250 - Antonius Musa, De herba vettonica, 13th century.. Whole page including illustration of bear. Archives & Manuscripts. Dated 1250 in the Commons record. Most of the world's drugs began as plants, and the herbal is where that knowledge was first written down.
1250 - The Susruta-Samhita or Sahottara-Tantra (A Treatise on Ayurvedic Medicine) LACMA M.87.271a-g (2. Nepal, Text- 12th-13th century; Images- 18th-19th century Books Ink and opaque watercolor on palm leaf Gift of Emeritus Professor and Mrs. Ballinger (M.87.271a-g) South and Southeast Asian Art. Dated 1250 in the Commons record. Ayurveda's eight branches are first documented in the Mahabharata, around the fourth century BCE.
1250 - Blood-letting scene. First half of the 13th century. From Iran. Fragment, a bottom of a bowl. Blood-letting scene; a physician, a patient (woman), and a servant. Dated 1250, credited to Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg). Materia medica traditions catalogued local plants and minerals, and the lists record what grew and traded within reach.
1284 - Flickr - HuTect ShOts - Corridor - The Complex of Sultan Qalawun مجمع السلطان قلاوون - El.Muiz. The complex of Sultan Qalawun was built for the sultan by Amir 'Alam al-Din Sanjar al-Shuja'i in 1284-5 and consisted of the founder's mausoleum, madrasa, and a maristan (hospital). The complex was located on al-Mu'izz Street. Dated 1284, credited to Ahmed Al.Badawy from Cairo, Egypt. The Islamic bimaristan tradition runs from Baghdad in 805 CE, with Cairo's Al-Fustat hospital of 872 CE noted for its treatment of mental illness and the Qalawun complex of 1284 accommodating very large numbers.
1300 - Mortar and pestle, AD 900-1300. Stone mortar and pestle, AD 900-1300, Spurgeon Draw site, Catron County, New Mexico. Dated 1300, credited to Netherzone. The mortar and pestle is the pharmacy's oldest surviving instrument and remained the trade's sign long after machines took over the grinding.
1310 - Officers and nurses, Camp Jackson (NCP 1310), National Museum of Health and Medicine. The image records officers and nurses, Camp Jackson (NCP 1310), National Museum of Health and Medicine Description: Officers and nurses of the Base Hospital at Camp Jackson, South Carolina, during the influenza epidemic. This was an emergency hospital during the epidemic. Dated 1310, credited to National Museum of Health and Medicine. Death estimates for the 1918 influenza pandemic run from 17 to 100 million, with 25 to 50 million generally accepted. The name Spanish flu is a misnomer produced by wartime censorship elsewhere.
1341 - C14 Chinese medication chart; Vomiting, coughing etc.. Medication chart: Vomiting, coughing, sore throat, jaundice. From a manuscript copy ofShanghan diandian jin shu(The Gold-dust Book of Cold Damage) dated '1st year of the Zhengyuan reign period of the Yuan dynasty' (1341), section entitledShanghan diandian jin yongyao muji(Cold Damage Gold-Dust Repertory of Medication).The text states: Vomiting illnesses are normally treated with Five-Drug powder. Dated 1341 in the Commons record. Philippe Pinel is remembered for striking the chains from asylum inmates in Paris, an image reproduced far more often than the administrative reforms it stood for.
1341 - C14 Chinese medication chart; Convulsions etc.. Medication chart: Convulsion,er zhi(?), warm poison rash and beri-beri (jiaoqi) symptoms. From a manuscript copy ofShanghan diandian jin shu(The Gold-dust Book of Cold Damage) dated '1st year of the Zhengyuan reign period of the Yuan dynasty' (1341), section entitledShanghan diandian jin yongyao muji(Cold Damage Gold-Dust Repertory of Medication).The text states:Zhiconvulsion (zhijing) is. Dated 1341 in the Commons record. Acupuncture is evidenced from the second and first centuries BCE, and the AB Canon of Acupuncture and Moxibustion was compiled between 256 and 282 CE.
1347 - Diffusion de la peste noire en europe 1347-1351. An object held in the epidemics material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 1347 in the Commons record. Cities met epidemics with the tools of government before they had the tools of medicine.
1348 - Boccaccio's 'The plague of Florence in 1348'. The plague of Florence in 1348, as described in Boccaccio's Decameron ('Il decameron'). Etching by L. Dated 1348 in the Commons record. What an epidemic was believed to be determined what was built against it, and the buildings outlast the beliefs.
1350 - Darstellung der Geißlerzüge. The image records darstellung der Geißlerzüge, um 1350, Chronik von Gilles Li Muisis, fol. 16v Bibliothèque Royale de Belgique, Brüssel. Dated 1350, credited to Pierart dou Tielt (fl. 1340-1360). Counting the dead was itself a contested act, and the numbers usually arrived late.
1352 - Doutielt1. Miniature by Pierart dou Tielt illustrating the Tractatus quartus by Gilles li Muisit (Tournai, c. Title: "Gilles li Muisis, Antiquitates Flandriae (Tractatus quartus)". Dated 1352, credited to Pierart dou Tielt (fl. 1340-1360). Boards of health were often created during an outbreak and dissolved once it passed.
1368 - Chinese Materia Medica illustration, Ming; Cinnabar. Traced copy of an illustration fromBencao pinhui jingyao(Materia Medica Containing Essential and Important Material Arranged in Systematic Order, completed 1505), in red and black ink. In 1503, the Ming emperor Li Zong put imperial physician Liu Wentai in charge of compiling a new herbal (bencao). Dated 1368, credited to Wang Shichang et al. (Ming period, 1368-1644). Dioscorides compiled De Materia Medica in the first century CE, and it remained a working reference in Europe and the Islamic world for more than 1,500 years.
1368 - Bencao Gangmu -- Ming materia medica, Trifoliate orange, etc.. Li Shizhen's monumental pharmaceutical encyclopediaBencao gangmu(Systematic Materia Medica) contains entries on 1892 medicinal substances and 1109 illustrations. The illustrations in the first edition (shown here) are credited to his son Li Jianyuan.Gouju(trifoliate orange),suanzao(spine date),shanzhuyu(dogwood),zhizi(cape jasmine, Gardenia jasminoides Ellis),ruihe(Prinsepia uniflora Batal.). Dated 1368, credited to Li Jianyuan (Ming period, 1368-1644). Dioscorides compiled De Materia Medica in the first century CE, and it remained a working reference in Europe and the Islamic world for more than 1,500 years.
1368 - Medical talisman (Chinese C19 woodcut). 'Red Talismanic Symbol' fromZun sheng ba jian(Eight Texts on Following the Way of Life), a work on 'nourishing life' (yangsheng) by Gao Lian (Ming period, 1368-1644), woodblock edition of 1810 (15th year of the Jiaqing reign period of the Qing dynasty, Geng Wu year).The Eight Texts (jian) into which it is divided are:Qingxiu miaolun(Wondrous discourse on cleansing and repairing),Sishi. Dated 1368 in the Commons record. Diagnostic systems here were built on pulse, observation and questioning rather than on instruments.
1399 - Drawing; muscular system of man, 1399.. Muscular system of man. Reproduction taken from Abermals eine neue Handschrift der anatomischen Fünfbilderserie : Versuch einer Wiederherstellung des lateinischen Textes dieses illustrierten Leitfadens der Anatomie / Karl Sudhoff Date: 1910 General Collections. Dated 1399 in the Commons record. The plate had to serve where no body was available, which is why anatomical illustration developed conventions of cutaway and layering.
1442 - Lääkekirja. The first page of Naantali monastery's herbal in manuscript A 49. Nådendals klosterbook (Stockholm, National Library). Dated 1442, credited to Andrea Davis Kronlund, Kungliga biblioteket. Woodcut, engraving and lithography each changed what a botanical plate could show.
1450 - ChirurgicalOperation15thCentury. Chirurgical Operation, Turkish manuscript, 15th Century. Dated 1450, credited to Unknown author Unknown author. For most of their history hospitals were charitable institutions for the poor, and the wealthy were treated at home.
1450 - Dioscorides De Materia Medica Byzantium 15th century. 1450, credited to PHGCOM. Herbals mixed observation with inherited text, and separating the two is much of the scholarship on them.
1450 - Pharmacy, canon of avicenna manuscript. A Pharmacy, Canon of Avicenna manuscript, Ferrera, 15th century. Dated 1450, credited to Unknown author Unknown author. Ibn Sina completed the Canon of Medicine in 1025. It lists roughly 800 medicinal substances and 650 compound formulas, and was still in use as a teaching text as late as 1715 in Padua.
1466 - Erste Seite (mit Inhaltsverzeichnis und Randbemerkungen des Klosterarchivars). Schreibervermerk, In: Johannes Paric aus Hall: Arzneibuch, Manuskript 1466. Kantonsbibliothek Thurgau, Y 123, Bl. Dated 1466, credited to Johannes Paric aus Hall. The pharmacy is a place of storage and measurement, and its objects are mostly about keeping substances identifiable.
1479 - Ringelblume 1479 - 1532. An object held in the herbals material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 1479, credited to Unknown author Unknown author. Colouring was often applied by hand after printing, so two copies of one herbal can differ substantially.
1479 - Aquilegia vulgaris - Auslasser - Gart der Gesundheit. An object held in the herbals material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 1479, credited to Vitus Auslasser und Ewald Reuwich. Monastery and university gardens preserved species and the knowledge of using them.
1480 - Apothecary jar (albarello) MET DT3476. Italian, Faenza or Naples; Albarello; Ceramics-Pottery. Dated 1480 in the Commons record. The albarello is a waisted jar shaped so a hand could lift it from a crowded shelf, and its painted label is the drug's name in the pharmacy's own hand.
1484 - Berberus Versitz Versyg Saurrauch. Abbildung des Sauerrauch Berberis vulgaris. Dated 1484, credited to Unknown author Unknown author. Doctrine of signatures reasoning shaped which plants were tried for which complaint.
1484 - Schoeffer Herbarius 1484. Spread from Herbarius printed by Peter Schöffer in 1484. Copy of the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek. Dated 1484, credited to Peter Schöffer. Plant collecting was tied to trade and empire, and the herbal records where the specimens came from.
1485 - ERDRAUCH. An object held in the herbals material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 1485, credited to Unknown author Unknown author. A herbal had to be accurate enough to prevent a fatal misidentification, which is why botanical illustration developed such precision.
1485 - Gart 1485. Succisa pratensis. An object held in the herbals material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 1485, credited to Unknown author Unknown author. Most of the world's drugs began as plants, and the herbal is where that knowledge was first written down.
1490 - Thomas Vicary. An object held in the surgery material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 1490, credited to Unknown author Unknown author. Instrument handles were made in ivory, ebony and chequered wood for grip, and were later abandoned as unsterilisable.
1491 - Elleborus niger, from Vicneza, Herbarius Latinus, 1491. An object held in the herbals material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 1491 in the Commons record. Medicinal plants moved along trade routes, and the herbals record which ones arrived and when.
1492 - Interior of Pontes' Pharmacy in Granada, Spain. The image records interior of Pontes' Pharmacy in Granada, Spain. Founded in 1492 Wellcome Images. Dated 1492 in the Commons record. Drug names, jars and labels form a system for not making a fatal mistake in a dark shop.
1496 - The Bath House (SM 31576d). public baths · portrait, self-portrait of artist · historical person (DÜRER, Albrecht) · historical person (PIRCKHEIMER, Willibald) · historical person (PAUMGARTNER, Lukas) · historical person (PAUMGARTNER, Stephan) · being shown undressed · male sex; man · sitting figure · standing figure · one person playing wind instrument - CC - out of doors · one person playing string instrument (bowed) - CC. Dated 1496, credited to Albrecht Dürer. Printed anatomy travelled further than any dissection could, and the book outlived the specimen.
1497 - Hans Holbein the younger (c.1497-1543) (circle of) - Henry VIII (1491–1547) - LDBTH-9.5 - Bethl. Henry VIII (1491, 1547) title QS:P1476,en:"Henry VIII (1491, 1547) " label QS:Len,"Henry VIII (1491, 1547) ". Dated 1497, credited to Circle of Hans Holbein the Younger. Bethlem Royal Hospital, the origin of the word bedlam, admitted paying spectators for much of the eighteenth century.
1500 - (Three midwives attending to a pregnant woman). Author(s): Rueff, Jakob, ca.1500-1558, Author Publication: Zürych: Christoffel Froschover, 1554 Format: Still image Subject(s): Obstetrics Genre(s): Book illustrations Abstract: A pregnant woman sitting in a birthing chair is being attended to by three midwives, one ready to receive the baby, the second standing behind the chair, and the third standing at the woman's side comforting her.. Dated 1500, credited to National Library of Medicine - History of Medicine. The birthing chair kept the mother upright and let gravity assist, the standard position until childbirth moved onto a bed for the convenience of the attendant.
1500 - Vijzel versierd met heiligen en hartvormen, BK-NM-4688. Identificatie Titel(s): Vijzel versierd met heiligen en hartvormen Objecttype: vijzel Objectnummer: BK-NM-4688 Omschrijving: De gegoten ronde vijzel verbreedt zich naar boven toe en heeft een uitkragende geprofileerde rand. De wand is door negen uitstekende, met drie noppen versierde ribben, verticaal verdeeld. Dated 1500, credited to Rijksmuseum. The apothecary's shop was retail, laboratory and consulting room at once.
1501 - Jörg breu il vecchio, fuga in egitto, 1501. An object held in the ethics material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 1501, credited to Sailko. The documents matter because they are what turned a principle into something enforceable.
1506 - La peste de Phrygie - (estampe) (4e état) - INV. RAP. VR. (d'après Raphaël). Sujet : Peste Cadavres Mouton Bos Phrygie (Turquie) Scènes mythologiques -- 16e siècle Référence bibliographique : Bartsch, 417 Référence bibliographique : Illustrated Bartsch, 417 Référence bibliographique : Delaborde, 189 Référence bibliographique : Courboin, n.d. Éditeur : [s.n.]. Dated 1506 in the Commons record. Printed notices did much of the work of epidemic control, telling people what was forbidden.
1507 - Avicenna Canon Venice 1507 title page. 1507, credited to Avicenna. Ibn Sina completed the Canon of Medicine in 1025. It lists roughly 800 medicinal substances and 650 compound formulas, and was still in use as a teaching text as late as 1715 in Padua.
1513 - C16 Chinese woodcut; Daoyin technique. Illustration of technique named 'Adjusting the cooking fires of the universe' (Zhoutian huohou) fromShouyang congshu: Xiuzhen miyao(Compendium of Longevity and Cultivation Practices: Arcane Essentials of Cultivating Perfection), a text ondaoyin(therapeutic gymastics) and Qigong, describing 49 daoyin techniques. The original author of this work is unknown; supposedly, it was discovered in 1513. Dated 1513 in the Commons record. Restraint apparatus is the most honest object in psychiatry's material record, because it was designed, sold and catalogued like any other furniture.
1515 - The muscles of the leg. The muscles of the left leg, seen from the front, and the bones and muscles of the right leg seen in right profile, and between them, a patella. Drawing by Michelangelo Buonarotti, c. Dated 1515 in the Commons record. Illustrators worked beside the dissector, drawing structures that would be unrecognisable within a day.
1515 - A plague scene at right, a man at left holding a torch illuminating part of the scene. The image records a plague scene at right, a man at left holding a torch illuminating part of the scene, ill people at the right. Dated 1515, credited to Marcantonio Raimondi / Raphael. Trade and travel routes shaped epidemic spread, so the maps are commercial as much as medical.
1520 - The Shishan Medical Records. This work, in three juan with a supplement and in three volumes, was written by Wang Ji (1463, 1539), famed physician and member of a Ming dynasty medical family, and originally published in 1520. The manuscript was put together by his disciple, Chen Jiao. Dated 1520, credited to Wang, Ji, 1463-1539. Court and temple patronage funded much of this material, which is why so much of it survives in institutional libraries.
1525 - Peter Treveris - engraving of Trepanation for Handywarke of surgeri 1525. Engraving by Peter Treveris of a trepanation. From Heironymus von Braunschweig's Handywarke of surgeri. Dated 1525, credited to Peter Treveris. Specialist sets emerged as procedures standardised, and the case layout records that division of labour.
1525 - Famine Relief Herbal (1593); Adsuki bean. Woodcut illustration of the adsuki bean (chi xiaodou) fromJiuhuang bencao(The Famine Relief Herbal), edition of 1593 (21st year of the Wanli reign period of the Ming dynasty, Gui Si year). This herbal was compiled by Prince Zhu Su (?-1425), fifth son of the Ming Taizu Emperor (r. Dated 1525 in the Commons record. Medicinal plants moved along trade routes, and the herbals record which ones arrived and when.
1525 - Famine Relief Herbal (1593); Lotus root. Woodcut illustration of lotus root (lian'ou) fromJiuhuang bencao(The Famine Relief Herbal), edition of 1593 (21st year of the Wanli reign period of the Ming dynasty, Gui Si year). This herbal was compiled by Prince Zhu Su (?-1425), fifth son of the Ming Taizu Emperor (r. Dated 1525 in the Commons record. The same plant carried different names in every region, so the picture often did the work the text could not.
1526 - Charles de l'Ecluse, Exoticorum libri decem (Antwerp, 1605). Image of Nardus (nard grass, page R5v) and Hirculus veterum (spikenard) from Charles de l'Ecluse, Exoticorum libri decem (Ten books of exotica: the history and uses of animals, plants, aromatics and other natural products from distant lands). With mythological figures, including Minerva, Atlas and Pomona(?), lions, dolphins and a peacock, and extensive illustrations in the text. Dated 1526 in the Commons record. The same plant carried different names in every region, so the picture often did the work the text could not.
1526 - Charles de l'Ecluse, Exoticorum libri decem (Antwerp, 1605). Image of Anacardio (cashew nut, page R3v) from Charles de l'Ecluse, Exoticorum libri decem (Ten books of exotica: the history and uses of animals, plants, aromatics and other natural products from distant lands). With mythological figures, including Minerva, Atlas and Pomona(?), lions, dolphins and a peacock, and extensive illustrations in the text. Dated 1526 in the Commons record. Many modern drugs are refinements of compounds first isolated from plants recorded in these books.
1532 - Rösslin De partu hominis foetuses. Pages from Eucharius Rösslin: De partu hominis, c. Dated 1532, credited to Eucharius Rösslin. The move of childbirth from home to hospital changed who held authority in the room.
1532 - Guntzel. Abbildung von "Guldin Guntzel" im deutschen Kreuterbuch des Otto Brunfels vom Jahre 1532, S. Dated 1532, credited to Hans Weiditz. Plant collecting was tied to trade and empire, and the herbal records where the specimens came from.
1533 - Rösslin 1533 - Ehrhart 1783. An object held in the herbals material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 1533, credited to Unknown author Unknown author. A herbal had to be accurate enough to prevent a fatal misidentification, which is why botanical illustration developed such precision.
1537 - Anatomy of the spleen in ancient Chinese medicine, woodcut. From an edition published in 1537 (16th year of the Jiajing reign period of the Ming dynasty). The spleen (pi) is one of the fivezangviscera. Dated 1537 in the Commons record. Acupuncture is evidenced from the second and first centuries BCE, and the AB Canon of Acupuncture and Moxibustion was compiled between 256 and 282 CE.
1539 - 'Adam and Eve figures'; female, all layers raised.. Anatomical Fugitive Sheet no. 288.4 'Adam and Eve figures': female, all layers raised. Dated 1539 in the Commons record. Vesalius published De humani corporis fabrica at Basel in June 1543, aged 28, printed by Johannes Oporinus. Modern scholars attribute its woodcuts to the studio of Titian, while the traditional attribution names Jan van Calcar, and the question stays open.
1542 - Leonhart Fuchs01. Heinrich Fullmaurer, woodcuts (left) and Albrecht Meyer, artist, preparing plates for "De historia stirpium", Basle 1542. Dated 1542, credited to Leonhart Fuchs (1501-1566). Leonhart Fuchs's De historia stirpium of 1542 named its artists in the book itself, unusually for the period.
1542 - L. Fuchs, De historia stirpium commentarii. FUCHS, Leonhard {1501-1566} L. Fuchs, De historia stirpium commentarii insignes, Basle: Isingrin, 1542. Dated 1542 in the Commons record. Most of the world's drugs began as plants, and the herbal is where that knowledge was first written down.
1543 - Woodcut; instruments for dissection.. Instruments for dissection, after Vesalius' Fabrica 1543, page 235. Dated 1543 in the Commons record. Dissection depended on a supply of bodies, and the law governing that supply shaped who ended up on the table.
1543 - Anatomical Study from De Humani Corporis Fabrica by Vesalius 1543. Anatomical Study, illustration from De Humani Corporis Fabrica by Andreas Vesalius 1514-64 Basel, 1543 General Collections. Dated 1543 in the Commons record. Vesalius published De humani corporis fabrica at Basel in June 1543, aged 28, printed by Johannes Oporinus. Modern scholars attribute its woodcuts to the studio of Titian, while the traditional attribution names Jan van Calcar, and the question stays open.
1543 - Map met 33 Nederlandse 17de eeuwse tekeningen van skeletten en anatomische tekeningen met een b. Identificatie Titel(s): Skelet Objecttype: tekening Objectnummer: RP-T-1989-256 Opschriften / Merken: verzamelaarsmerk, verso, gestempeld: Lugt 2228 Vervaardiging Vervaardiger: tekenaar: anoniem, naar ontwerp van: Jan Stefan van Calcar (mogelijk) Plaats vervaardiging: Lage Landen Datering: 1640 - 1649 Fysieke kenmerken: rood krijt Materiaal: papier krijt Afmetingen: hoogte 317 mm × breedte 194 mm. Dated 1543, credited to Rijksmuseum. Colour printing arrived late to anatomy, so most of its canonical images are line engravings read as diagrams.
1543 - Fuchs Scilla bifolia. Titled 'Klein blau Merzenblum weibel' in 1543 German edition. Named Scilla bifolia by Linnaeus in 1753. Dated 1543, credited to Leonhart Fuchs. Leonhart Fuchs's De historia stirpium of 1542 named its artists in the book itself, unusually for the period.
1548 - WMS 158, Hanns Brummer, Arzneibuch.. Hanns Brummer, Arzneibuch. Rottweil, 1548. Dated 1548 in the Commons record. Shop fittings, drawers and counters were designed so a formula could be assembled quickly and correctly.
1550 - Hele oude zalfpotjes uit Nederland waarschijnlijk 16de eeuw. Very old ointment jars from Netherlands probably 16th century. Dated 1550, credited to Peter van der Sluijs. The uniform did the work of establishing authority in wards where nurses had little formal standing.
1550 - Vaginal speculum, 16th century.. An object held in the instruments material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 1550 in the Commons record. Instrument makers were trade firms, and their catalogues are among the best surviving records of everyday medicine.
1550 - A hospital ward in the Hotel Dieu.. The image records a hospital ward in the Hotel Dieu, facsimile after a 16th century original. General Collections. Dated 1550 in the Commons record. The Hôtel-Dieu in Paris is among the oldest continuously operating hospitals in Europe, and for much of its history put several patients in a single bed.
1550 - Bassano (Nachfolge) Zubereitung des Mahls eines Patriziers. German: Zubereitung des Mahls eines Patriziers title QS:P1476,de:"Zubereitung des Mahls eines Patriziers" label QS:Lde,"Zubereitung des Mahls eines Patriziers". Dated 1550, credited to Follower of Francesco Bassano the Younger. Poison regulation forced distinctive bottles, ribbed glass and locked cupboards into every pharmacy.
1550 - Raimondi - The Plague, 23.984. Engravings by Marcantonio Raimondi in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Dated 1550, credited to Marcantonio Raimondi. Isolation hospitals were built at the edges of towns and are often the only physical trace an epidemic left.
1550 - Forceps for extracting arrowheads, 16th century.. The image records forceps for extracting arrowheads. Wellcome Images. Dated 1550 in the Commons record. Antisepsis and anaesthesia together changed what the inside of a body was to a surgeon.
1550 - Speculum of the 16th century and mouth gags.. The image records speculum of the 16th century and mouth gags, 4 instruments. Wellcome Museum originals. Dated 1550 in the Commons record. Surgical instruments were made by cutlers and jewellers, and the finish reflects the trade that made them rather than the wound they entered.
1550 - Otto Brunfels, Plantago major, in "Herbarum vivae eicones". An object held in the herbals material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 1550 in the Commons record. Medicinal plants moved along trade routes, and the herbals record which ones arrived and when.
1550 - Ochpen Zung. Woodcut depicting Ochpen Zung. From "Herbarum vivae ei coneb [sic, i.e. Dated 1550 in the Commons record. The same plant carried different names in every region, so the picture often did the work the text could not.
1552 - Orazio Samacchini, Nascita di Giovanni Battista 1552-77. The image records orazio Samacchini, Nascita di Giovanni Battista 1552-77, collegiata di Santa Maria Maggiore (Pieve di Cento). Dated 1552, credited to Mongolo1984. Instruments entered the birth room as both a rescue and a claim to professional standing.
1552 - Badianus Codex; photograph of open book. Badianus Codex (facsimile), written in N huatl by the Aztec physician Martinus de la Cruz, translated by Juannes Badianus (latin), presented to the son of the first Viceroy of New Spain in 1552. Book open on fols. Dated 1552 in the Commons record. Woodcut, engraving and lithography each changed what a botanical plate could show.
1555 - Vesalius blood vessels. de humani corporis fabrica libri septem by Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564): Andreae Vesalii Bruxellensis, invictissimi Caroli V. Imperatoris medici. Dated 1555, credited to McLeod. The layered plate, peeling structures back one sheet at a time, was an attempt to put the sequence of a dissection on paper.
1560 - BLW Mermaid ewer and basin, V&A. Mermaid ewer and basin Hallmarked for 1610-1611 Silver, embossed and engraved Made in London, maker\'s mark of \'TB\' monogram, struck on upper face of flange of shell. Possibly made for Sir Thomas Wilson (1560-1619) A ewer and basin were used for the washing of hands during and after a meal. Dated 1560, credited to art_traveller. The equipment of asepsis is mostly about barriers and heat, and it replaced a practice built on chemical killing.
1560 - Hunting trousse, England, 1560-1580. The hunting trousse contains all the instruments needed by a hunter to dismember and prepare a deer. It includes a needle, saws, and knives with different shaped blades, including a skinning knife. Dated 1560 in the Commons record. Before anaesthesia and antisepsis, the surgeon's craft was speed, and the toolkit is designed around it.
1561 - André-Vésale, La Fabrica, Rete-mirabile (Plexus-réticulé chez Ambroise-Paré, 1561. The image records andré-Vésale, La Fabrica, Rete-mirabile (Plexus-réticulé chez Ambroise-Paré, 1561. Dated 1561, credited to André Vésale. Anatomy's vocabulary was still settling, so the same structure carries different names across contemporary atlases.
1569 - W. H. Ryff, Schwangerer Frawen..., 1569; foetuses. The image records w. H. Ryff, Schwangerer Frawen..., 1569: foetuses. Dated 1569 in the Commons record. Licensing of midwives ran through church and municipal authorities long before medical ones.
1570 - Sculptuur van cholera slachtoffers door Antoine Étex. Identificatie Titel(s): Sculptuur van cholera slachtoffers door Antoine Étex, tentoongesteld op de Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations van 1851 in Londen. (Plaster) Etex (titel op object) Objecttype: foto bladzijde Objectnummer: RP-F-F25215-AI Vervaardiging Vervaardiger: fotograaf: anoniem, drukker: Nicolaas Henneman, drukker: Robert Jefferson Bingham Plaats vervaardiging. Dated 1570, credited to Rijksmuseum. Mortality bills were compiled parish by parish, an early and imperfect kind of public statistics.
1576 - New iewell of health 1576 Title page AQ6 (2). Title page from The newe iewell of health : wherein is contayned the most excellent secretes of phisicke and philosophie, deuided into fower bookes, in the which are the best approued remedies for the diseases as well inwarde as outwarde, of all the partes of mans bodie : treating very amplye of all dystillations of waters, of oyles, balmes, quintessences, with the extraction of artificiall. Dated 1576, credited to Gessner, Conrad, 1516-1565. Compounding was skilled manual work, and the equipment shows how much of pharmacy was done by hand.
1578 - Spiegel, Adriaan van (1578-1625) and Casseri, Giulio (ca. 1552-1616) (musculi colli). An object held in the anatomy material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 1578, credited to Spiegel, Adriaan van and Casseri, Giulio. Anatomical figures were often posed like classical statuary, borrowing authority from art to make dissection respectable.
1578 - Niewe Herbal aka Lytes Herbal From Flemish (Dodoen, by Henry Lyte, 1578). The image records niewe Herbal aka Lytes Herbal From Flemish (Dodoen, by Henry Lyte, 1578). Dated 1578, credited to Chris Light. Herbals mixed observation with inherited text, and separating the two is much of the scholarship on them.
1580 - Apothecary jar (albarello) depicting the Judgment of Paris, Patanazzi Family, Italy, c. 1580. Exhibit in the Krannert Art Museum, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign - Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA. This work is old enough so that it is in the public domain. Dated 1580, credited to Daderot. The albarello is a waisted jar shaped so a hand could lift it from a crowded shelf, and its painted label is the drug's name in the pharmacy's own hand.
1591 - Burying the placenta, C16 Chinese painted book illustration. This painted illustration, headed 'Human placenta', comes fromBuyi Lei Gong paozhi bianlan(Supplement to Lei Gong's Guide to the Preparation of Drugs), edition of 1591 (19th year of the Wanli reign period of the Ming dynasty). It is a fine example of Ming polychrome book art.The painting depicts the widespread custom of burying the placenta. Dated 1591 in the Commons record. Transmission ran in several directions at once, with texts translated between Greek, Arabic, Sanskrit, Persian and Chinese.
1591 - L'Obel Icones stirpium00. " Icones stirpium, seu, Plantarum tam exoticarum, quam indigenarum :in gratiam rei herbariae studiosorum in duas partes digestae : cum septem linguarum indicibus, ad diuersarum nationum vsum ". Plantijnsche Drukkerij - Viduam et Ioannem Moretum. Dated 1591, credited to Matthias de L'Obel (1538-1616). Leonhart Fuchs's De historia stirpium of 1542 named its artists in the book itself, unusually for the period.
1592 - Mauz Musa 33r Alpin 1592. An object held in the herbals material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 1592, credited to Unknown author Unknown author. Colouring was often applied by hand after printing, so two copies of one herbal can differ substantially.
1592 - Siliqua dulcis carub, & carnub vocata 4r Alpin 1592. The image records siliqua dulcis carub, & carnub vocata folio 4r source. Dated 1592, credited to Unknown author Unknown author. Monastery and university gardens preserved species and the knowledge of using them.
1600 - Micro-CT braided polymer rope 2D top view zoom. Micro-CT 2D image (top view) of a braided polymer climbing rope. Scan condition: cone beam, 70 kV, 8W, no filter, 1600 angles, 3,9 µm/voxel (x2 due to binning). Dated 1600, credited to SecretDisc. The first clinical CT scan was made on 1 October 1971 at Atkinson Morley Hospital, Wimbledon, on a patient with a cerebral cyst. Godfrey Hounsfield tested his prototype on a preserved human brain, then a fresh cow brain from a butcher, then on himself.
1600 - Tinnen speelgoed vijzel, met op buitenwand fries met krulversiering, objectnr 19996. Objectgegevens Titel: Tinnen speelgoed vijzel, met op buitenwand fries met krulversiering Beschrijving: Speelgoed vijzel van tin. Langs de buitenwand een brede fries met decor van krullen, op de snijpunten een bloem. Dated 1600, credited to Museum Rotterdam. Trade cards, labels and packaging are often the best record of what a pharmacy actually sold.
1601 - Chinese manuscript Chen-chiu ta-ch'eng. Chen-chiu ta-ch'eng {titlepage}. Chen-chiu ta-ch'eng ch'uan-shu {title slip}. Dated 1601 in the Commons record. Acupuncture is evidenced from the second and first centuries BCE, and the AB Canon of Acupuncture and Moxibustion was compiled between 256 and 282 CE.
1603 - Emergency hospital during influenza epidemic (NCP 1603), National Museum of Health and Medicine. The image records emergency hospital during influenza epidemic (NCP 1603), National Museum of Health and Medicine. Description: Beds with patients in an emergency hospital in Camp Funston, Kansas, in the midst of the influenza epidemic. Dated 1603, credited to medicalmuseum. Death estimates for the 1918 influenza pandemic run from 17 to 100 million, with 25 to 50 million generally accepted. The name Spanish flu is a misnomer produced by wartime censorship elsewhere.
1605 - Vijzel met opschrift GERTKEN WLFFERS Ao 1605, BK-NM-4199. Identificatie Titel(s): Vijzel met opschrift GERTKEN WLFFERS Ao 1605 Objecttype: vijzel Objectnummer: BK-NM-4199 Opschriften / Merken: opschrift, bovenrand, gieten: ‘GERTKEN.WLFFERS.Ao.1605.’ Omschrijving: De gegoten ronde vijzel verbreedt zich naar boven toe, heeft een uitkragende geprofileerde rand en een uitlopende geprofileerde voet. Op de rand in Latijnse majuskels het opschrift GERTKEN. Dated 1605, credited to Rijksmuseum. Guild and society regulation determined who could compound and sell, and the disputes are well documented.
1605 - Carolus Clusius02. Carolus Clusius, Exoticorum libri decem: quibus animalium, plantarum, aromatum, aliorumque peregrinorum fructuum historiae describuntur: Item Petri Bellonis observationibus [...] (Leiden: Raphelengius, 1605). [Bibliotheca Thysiana, shelf-mark 2202]. Dated 1605, credited to Carolus Clusius. Doctrine of signatures reasoning shaped which plants were tried for which complaint.
1605 - Drakena radix by Clusius from Exoticorum libri decem 1605 p 311. Illustration of Drakena radix by Carolus Clusius from Exoticorum libri decem 1605, page 311. Dated 1605, credited to Charles de L'Écluse / Carolus Clusius. Many modern drugs are refinements of compounds first isolated from plants recorded in these books.
1609 - Theatrum anatomicum van Leidse Academie, 1609 Amphitheatrum Anatomicum Luduno Batavorum (titel. Identificatie Titel(s): Theatrum anatomicum van Leidse Academie, 1609. Amphitheatrum Anatomicum Luduno Batavorum (titel op object) Objecttype: prent nieuwsprent Objectnummer: RP-P-1887-A-12041 Catalogusreferentie: FMH 1284-DOpmerking: (toegevoegd nummer RPK) Omschrijving: Theatrum anatomicum, anatomisch theater van de Universiteit van Leiden, 1609. Dated 1609, credited to Rijksmuseum. Rembrandt's Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp shows a public anatomy, an event that was ticketed, ceremonial and usually performed on an executed criminal.
1610 - David Teniers II (1610-1690) (imitator of) - A Doctor tending a Patient's Foot in his Surgery -. A Doctor tending a Patient\ title QS:P1476,en:"A Doctor tending a Patient\ " label QS:Len,"A Doctor tending a Patient\ ". Dated 1610, credited to Follower of David Teniers the Younger. An instrument set records exactly which operations its owner expected to perform.
1612 - Chinese Materia medica, C17; Plant drugs, Hellebore. Bencao yuanshi(Origins of Materia Medica) by Li Zhongli is a herbal in 12 volumes, containing 379 illustrations. It was first published in 1612. Dated 1612 in the Commons record. The asylum's material record is furniture, architecture and paperwork, and those objects say more than any portrait of an inmate.
1616 - Lying in room with attendant, child and midwife, 1616. Lying in room showing attendant, child being bathed and a midwife drinking her beer. Dated 1616 in the Commons record. Manuals were written for practitioners who could read, which is not the same population as those attending births.
1616 - Culpeper's English physician ; and complete. CULPEPER, Nicholas {1616-1654} SILBY, Ebenezer {1751-1800} Culpeper's English physician; and complete herbal... Illustrated with notes and observations, critical and explanatory. Dated 1616 in the Commons record. Nicholas Culpeper translated the London pharmacopoeia into English against the College of Physicians' wishes, putting the drug names within reach of people who could not pay a physician.
1617 - Buddha of Healing Palace - Medicinal Flora and Fauna - between 1653 and 1705. The blue Medicine Buddha, Bhaisajyaguru, sits centre in the first of the medical thangkas. This placement illustrates his vital importance to the practice and study of Tibetan Medicine. Dated 1617, credited to Sangye Gyamtso. Training was organised through lineage and apprenticeship, and the texts were the curriculum.
1625 - Interior of an apothecary's shop, c. 1625, WHMM. View of a reconstructed interior of an apothecary's shop, c. 1625, in the Wellcome Historical Medical Museum Wellcome Images. Dated 1625 in the Commons record. Imported drugs made pharmacy an international trade centuries before it was an industry.
1628 - Title page Pare Oeuvres 1628 AO AL. Title page of Les Oeuvres d'Ambroise Paré, Paris, 1628. Dated 1628, credited to Federica Viazzi (AO AL). Operating theatres were built for teaching as much as for operating, with tiers of students looking down.
1630 - Wilson "The plague..."; people fleeing from plague. Runaways fleeing from the plague, a woodcut from 'A Looking-glasse for City and Countrey', printed by H. Gosson in 1630 and sold by E. Dated 1630 in the Commons record. Teaching sets were made to be handled, and the survivors are usually the copies nobody could afford to use.
1632 - Rembrandt, la lezione di anatomia del dottor tulp, 1632, 00. An object held in the dissection material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 1632, credited to Sailko. Rembrandt's Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp shows a public anatomy, an event that was ticketed, ceremonial and usually performed on an executed criminal.
1633 - Bronze plaque near Haagsche Jantje, Lange Vijverberg, The Hague, 19 september 2024 - 03. Bronze plaque near the sculpture of Haagsche Jantje, Lange Vijverberg, The Hague, 19 september 2024 Text Around the Hofvijver stand: The Hague Historical Museum; formerly the Saint Sebastian Militia Headquarters, built in 1636. The building served as accommodation for the civic militia and later as a courthouse. Dated 1633, credited to OlafJanssen. Rembrandt's Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp shows a public anatomy, an event that was ticketed, ceremonial and usually performed on an executed criminal.
1635 - Schwabes Mageneröffnung (1635). Nachsorge des Knechts Andreas Grünheide, der ein Messer verschluckt hatte und von Daniel Schwabe in Königsberg i. der weltweit ersten Magenöffnung unterzogen worden war. Dated 1635, credited to Unknown author Unknown author. Surgical trades were long separate from physic, and the surgeon's standing rose with what anaesthesia let him attempt.
1635 - Veüe du Jardin Royal des Plantes Medecinales au fauxbourg St. Victor. G.13363 (1 of 3). Auteur(s): Pérelle, Adam (Paris, en 1638 - Paris, 22, 03, 1695), graveur Pérelle, Adam (Paris, en 1638 - Paris, 22, 03, 1695), dessinateur Langlois, Nicolas 1er (Paris, en 1640 - en 1703), editeur Autre titre: Vue du jardin royal des plantes médicinales au faubourg Saint-Victor (Titre factice) Date de production: Vers 1660 Datation en siècle: 3e quart du 17e siècle Type(s) d'objet(s): Estampe, Arts. Dated 1635, credited to Pérelle, Adam (Paris, en 1638 - Paris, 22, 03, 1695), graveur. Plant collecting was tied to trade and empire, and the herbal records where the specimens came from.
1638 - Personifications of medicine, pharmacy and surgery. The image records personifications of medicine, pharmacy and surgery. Oil painting after (?) Nicolas de Larmessin II (1638-1694). Dated 1638, credited to After Nicolas de Larmessin. Before anaesthesia the whole design of an amputation set was built around speed, since the patient was awake and held down.
1644 - Daoyin technique for implanting sons, C19 Chinese MS. Illustration of 'Technique for implanting sons', finely executed colour painting fromDaoyin tu(Diagrams of Therapeutic Movement [daoyin]), by Kun Lan (Qing period, 1644-1911), MS dated 1875 (1st year of the Guangxu reign period of the Qing dynasty).Daoyin tucontains explanations and illustrations of 24daoyintechniques. They comprise 9 seated techniques, 6 standing techniques, 6 recumbent. Dated 1644 in the Commons record. Asylums were built at scale in the nineteenth century on the belief that the building itself was therapeutic.
1644 - Daoyin technique to nurture Qi and blood, C19 Chinese MS. Illustration of 'Technique for nurturing Qi and blood', finely executed colour painting fromDaoyin tu(Diagrams of Therapeutic Movement [daoyin]), by Kun Lan (Qing period, 1644-1911), MS dated 1875 (1st year of the Guangxu reign period of the Qing dynasty).Daoyin tucontains explanations and illustrations of 24daoyintechniques. They comprise 9 seated techniques, 6 standing techniques, 6 recumbent. Dated 1644 in the Commons record. County and state systems produced standard plans, so asylums across a whole region look alike.
1644 - Daoyin technique for cultivating Original Spirit, C19 Chinese. Illustration of 'Technique for cultivating Original Spirit' (yuan shen), finely executed colour painting fromDaoyin tu(Diagrams of Therapeutic Movement [daoyin]), by Kun Lan (Qing period, 1644-1911), MS dated 1875 (1st year of the Guangxu reign period of the Qing dynasty).Daoyin tucontains explanations and illustrations of 24daoyintechniques. They comprise 9 seated techniques, 6 standing. Dated 1644 in the Commons record. Objects like these were made to be used, so the surviving examples are often the ceremonial or presentation versions.
1644 - Ming herbal (painting); Peacock. Painting of a peacock in the meticulous (gongbi) style, in colour on silk, fromBencao tupu(Illustrated Herbal). The painted illustrations inBencao tupuwere jointly executed by Zhou Hu and Zhou Xi in 1644 (the final year of the Ming period). Dated 1644 in the Commons record. Li Shizhen's Bencao Gangmu documents about 1,900 drugs and took most of his working life to compile.
1646 - A physician giving a medicine to a sick man in bed, and a su. The image records a physician giving a medicine to a sick man in bed, and a surgeon, supervised by a physician, amputating the leg of seated patient, representing pharmacy and surgery respectively. Engraving, 1646. Dated 1646 in the Commons record. The prescription book records the everyday practice that no formulary captures.
1650 - Veuë de l'Hostel Dieu de Paris - estampe - Israël Silvestre delin. et Sculp. - btv1b53210989t. Sujet : Hôtel-Dieu (Paris) Paysages urbains -- 17e siècle Référence bibliographique : Faucheux, 56.7 Langue : français Éditeur : Israël ex. Dated 1650, credited to Silvestre, Israël (1621-1691). Graveur. The Hôtel-Dieu in Paris is among the oldest continuously operating hospitals in Europe, and for much of its history put several patients in a single bed.
1650 - Chair, German, 17th century. The image records chair, German, 17th century Wellcome Images. Dated 1650 in the Commons record. Maternal mortality was the measure that eventually forced reform of birth attendance.
1650 - Düsseldorf Stadtmuseum Anatomisches Modell eines Mannes (Schild). English text: Anatomical model of a man Stephan Zick? • um 1680 • Nuremberg • Ivory and wood • The models (n P 38.1 and P 38.2) could be used for teaching anatomy. Dated 1650, credited to Windharp. Comparative anatomy sat beside human anatomy in the same volumes, since the argument was about what the bodies shared.
1650 - Italian pharmacy, 17th century. Reconstruction of historical pharmacy in the main hall of the Wellcome Building: Italian pharmacy, 17th century. Wellcome Images. Dated 1650 in the Commons record. The pharmacy is a place of storage and measurement, and its objects are mostly about keeping substances identifiable.
1650 - Amputation saw, 16th, early 17th century.. An object held in the surgery material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 1650 in the Commons record. Before anaesthesia the whole design of an amputation set was built around speed, since the patient was awake and held down.
1650 - Joseph malliard, cassetta chirurgica pro amputatione, 1650-1700 ca. (museo galileo, da s.m. La Bellezza Salvata (2016-2017 exhibition). Dated 1650, credited to Sailko. Before anaesthesia the whole design of an amputation set was built around speed, since the patient was awake and held down.
1650 - Surgeon operating in the ward of a hospital.. The image records surgeon operating in the ward of a hospital. Dutch School, 17th century. Dated 1650 in the Commons record. Wound management, not heroic operating, is most of surgery's actual history.
1650 - Japanese Herbal, 17th century. Spica nardi, 甘松 [kan-sung]: Nardostachys jatamansi ( Nardostachys grandiflora DC.) Text p. 184, illustration p. Dated 1650 in the Commons record. A herbal had to be accurate enough to prevent a fatal misidentification, which is why botanical illustration developed such precision.
1653 - A Medical Thangka - Root of Treatment. This painting illustrates a general overview of the treatment process as it is outlined in the Root Tantra. Treatment can begin after humoural imbalance has been assessed through the diagnosis process (tk 3.) The four trunks of the tree (from left to right) correspond respectively to counsel on diet, guidance on conduct, appropriate medicinal treatments and external physical therapies. Dated 1653, credited to Sangye Gyamtso. The tradition remains in practice in much of the world, which makes this a living record rather than only a historical one.
1654 - Chinese MS acu-moxa point chart; Large Intestine. Lingmen chuanshou Tongren zhimai(Acupuncture Instruction Manual of the Bronze Man) is is an anonymous manuscript treatise on acupuncture, probably written before 1654 (prior to the reign of the Kangxi Emperor of the Qing dynasty, r. It provides information on the paths of the channels, movement and flow (liuzhu), and acupuncture procedures in relation to the twelve watches of the day, the internal organs, etc. Dated 1654, credited to Unknown author Unknown author. Acupuncture is evidenced from the second and first centuries BCE, and the AB Canon of Acupuncture and Moxibustion was compiled between 256 and 282 CE.
1660 - Pill tile of Lambeth delftware, c. 1660. Polychrome pill tile of Lambeth delftware in bule and yellow (Dragon, halo of Apollo, horns and tails of unicorns and other details in yellow), bearing the arms of the Society of Apothecaries. In september 1953 it was in the possession of A.F. Dated 1660 in the Commons record. Drug names, jars and labels form a system for not making a fatal mistake in a dark shop.
1662 - Engraving; the domus anatomica at Copenhagen 1662.. The domus anatomica at Copenhagen 1662, containing the theatre anatomicum. Dated 1662 in the Commons record. Anatomy theatres were built as steep rings so that every tier could see the table, and dissections were staged in winter because the cold slowed decay.
1664 - Bills of Mortality Feb 21 - 28 1664. Bills of Mortality form February 21 -28, 1664. A plague free week. Dated 1664 in the Commons record. Each epidemic was interpreted through the theory available at the time, which is visible in what was built against it.
1665 - Light Microscope. The light microscope has got be one of the most iconic symbols of science. We use this particular microscope to monitor our cell cultures daily, to keep a general eye on them. Dated 1665, credited to Zcsharp. Robert Hooke's Micrographia of 1665 gave the public its first sight of the world under a lens.
1665 - Certain necessary directions, 1665. Bill of Mortality for 13 to 20 June 1665: 'The Diseases and Casualties this Week' - first side. Dated 1665 in the Commons record. Epidemic response leaves behind administrative objects: notices, registers, cordons and bills of mortality.
1666 - A woman aged 71 with breast cancer. Vignette showing a woman aged 71 with breast cancer. Extracted from another file, linked below. Dated 1666 in the Commons record. Military campaigns drove surgical innovation because they supplied injuries in volume.
1672 - Anatomische afbeelding van de eierstokken en eileiders Boekillustratie voor Reinier de Graaf. Identificatie Titel(s): Anatomische afbeelding van de eierstokken en eileiders. Boekillustratie voor: Reinier de Graaf, De mulierum organis generationi inservientibus tractatus novus, 1672 Objecttype: prent boekillustratie Objectnummer: RP-P-BI-677 Catalogusreferentie: Hollstein Dutch 24 Opschriften / Merken: verzamelaarsmerk, verso midden onder, gestempeld: Lugt 2228 Omschrijving: Blad uit een. Dated 1672, credited to Rijksmuseum. Anatomical atlases were expensive, slow to produce and copied freely, so a single good plate could shape teaching for a century.
1676 - BURTON, Robert, The anatomy of melancholy; w. BURTON, Robert (1577-1640) R. Burton, The anatomy of melancholy: what it is, with all the kinds auses, symptomes, prognostickes, & seuerall cures of it, in three partitions, with their severall sections, members, & subsections...By Democritus Jumior [i.e. Dated 1676 in the Commons record. Annual reports and statistics were published routinely, which is why the numbers survive better than the people.
1678 - Title page, Pharmacopoeia Londinensis, 1678. Title page of 'Pharmacopoeia Londinensis Collegarum...', a book of medicines and medical recipes. Dated 1678 in the Commons record. A pharmacopoeia fixes what a drug name means and how it must be prepared, turning a local recipe into a standard that can be enforced.
1679 - Ferraran leaflet advising no contact with people from Graz. Small poster or leaflet from Ferrara dated 5 December 1679 (published 7 December 1679) proclaiming that there should be no contact or trade with people from Graz in Austria and Bruma on pain of death due to plague being in both cities General Collections. Dated 1679 in the Commons record. Quarantine takes its name from the forty days Venetian authorities held arriving ships, an administrative technology older than any theory of what it was containing.
1680 - Exterior of an 18th century mill.. The image records exterior of an 18th century mill. The apprentices were housed in the garrets. Dated 1680 in the Commons record. Public health's biggest gains came from engineering rather than from clinical medicine, and were paid for as public works.
1680 - J.Douglas, A short account of the state. DOUGLAS, John {ca.1680-1743} J. Douglas, A short account of the state of midwifery in London, Westminster, etc. Dated 1680 in the Commons record. Lying-in hospitals concentrated births and, before antisepsis, concentrated infection.
1680 - Abraham a Sancta Clara Merck's Wienn Tod an der Orgel. Tod an der Orgel, aus: braham a Sancta Clara: "Merck's Wienn / Das ist deß wütenden Todts ein umbständige Beschreibung in der berühmten Haupt- und Kayserl. Residenz-Statt in Oesterreich..." Wien, Peter Paul Vivan 1680. Dated 1680, credited to Abraham a Sancta Clara. The plate had to serve where no body was available, which is why anatomical illustration developed conventions of cutaway and layering.
1685 - Lungs from "Anatomia Humani Corporis", Bidloo, 1685. An object held in the anatomy material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 1685 in the Commons record. Govard Bidloo's atlas was drawn by Gerard de Lairesse, who included the pins, cloths and flies of the actual dissecting table rather than idealising the body.
1685 - Anatomische studie van het heilig been en het staartbeen, RP-P-OB-70.714. Identificatie Titel(s): Anatomische studie van het heilig been en het staartbeen Objecttype: prent boekillustratie Objectnummer: RP-P-OB-70.714 Opschriften / Merken: verzamelaarsmerk, verso midden onder, gestempeld: Lugt 2228 Omschrijving: Anatomische studie van het heilig been en het staartbeen. Bovenaan rechts genummerd T. Dated 1685, credited to Rijksmuseum. Anatomy's vocabulary was still settling, so the same structure carries different names across contemporary atlases.
1687 - The Blue Beryl-Anatomy Vulnerable Points. The Blue Beryl - anatomy of vulnerable points plate. Dated 1687, credited to Desi Sangye Gyatso. Regional schools disagreed with one another, and the manuscripts preserve those disputes rather than a single orthodoxy.
1687 - The Blue Beryl-Medicine Buddha. An object held in the traditions material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 1687, credited to Desi Sangye Gyatso. Botanical identification across languages was the persistent problem, and the illustrations carried what the names could not.
1690 - Ontleding des menschelyken lichaams. An object held in the anatomy material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 1690, credited to Gerard de Lairesse. Teaching sets were made to be handled, and the survivors are usually the copies nobody could afford to use.
1695 - Leeuwenhoek, Arcana naturae, 1695. An object held in the microbes material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 1695 in the Commons record. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek made the first direct observations of microorganisms in the 1670s using single-lens microscopes he ground himself, calling what he saw animalcules.
1695 - An apothecary is making up a prescription for waiting custom. The image records an apothecary is making up a prescription for waiting customers, another takes a jar down from a shelf. Engraving by C. Dated 1695 in the Commons record. The apothecary's shop was retail, laboratory and consulting room at once.
1695 - Female barber-surgeons attending to a patient. Caricature of female barber-surgeons attending to a patient. After an etching 1695. Dated 1695 in the Commons record. Instrument handles were made in ivory, ebony and chequered wood for grip, and were later abandoned as unsterilisable.
1698 - Silver feeding cup or small posset pot, by Andrews, 1698.. Feeding cup or small posset pot in silver. Wellcome Images. Dated 1698 in the Commons record. Turning a symptom into a reading is what most of these instruments were built to do.
1701 - Apothecary's moon-shaped shop sign, Europe, 1701-1900. Before the numbering of street buildings began to become commonplace towards the end of the 1700s, houses and commercial properties were usually known by their name or by the signs that hung over them. Businesses would often advertise that their products could be bought at, for example, 'the sign of the dragon' in a particular street. Dated 1701 in the Commons record. Compounding was skilled manual work, and the equipment shows how much of pharmacy was done by hand.
1701 - Albarello drug jar used for Lacc, Italy, 1701-1730. 'Lacc' is short for Gum Lacca, a resin secreted by insects living on certain trees, although for a long time it was thought to be from the trees themselves. Lacc was prepared by apothecaries and pharmacists who added the powdered version into a boiled mixture of water and plant roots until the solution was a blood red colour and as thick as honey. Dated 1701 in the Commons record. The albarello is a waisted jar shaped so a hand could lift it from a crowded shelf, and its painted label is the drug's name in the pharmacy's own hand.
1702 - Jedediah Buxton, a mental calculator. Mezzotint by J. Spilsb. The image records jedediah Buxton, a mental calculator. Mezzotint by J. Dated 1702 in the Commons record. Classification of inmates by category determined the plan of the building.
1704 - Guy's Hospital. St Thomas Street, Southwark. Founded in 1704 by Thomas Guy. Dated 1704, credited to Reading Tom from Reading, UK. The ward is the hospital's basic unit, and how it is lit, aired and watched follows from what its builders believed about illness.
1707 - Plague Workers Mukden, Manchuria, 1882-ca. 1936 (imp-cswc-GB-237-CSWC47-LS8-045). The image records plague Workers Mukden, Manchuria, 1911 Photograph of a group of plague workers in Mukden, Manchuria. The workers are standing in front of a low wooden building, possibly Mukden Plague hospital. Dated 1707, credited to Unknown author Unknown author. ACT UP was founded on 12 March 1987 in New York after a speech by Larry Kramer. Its 1989 action on the New York Stock Exchange was followed by AZT's price falling from 10,000 to 6,400 dollars a year.
1712 - L' Anatomie d' à présent, Objectnr PV PV14711. Titel: "l' Anatomie d' à présent" Collectie: Erfgoed Leiden en Omstreken Rechthebbende: Rechtenvrij Auteursrechten: Public Domain. Signatuur: PV_PV14711 Objectnummer: PV_PV14711 Plaatsnaam: Leiden Trefwoord: Universiteiten, Medische faculteit Beschrijving: Theatrum Anatomicum, Amphitheater. Dated 1712, credited to Unknown author Unknown author. Anatomy theatres were built as steep rings so that every tier could see the table, and dissections were staged in winter because the cold slowed decay.
1715 - Des getreuen Eckarths unvorsichtige Heb-Amme Frontispiz. Johann Christoph von Ettner:_"Des getreuen Eckarths unvorsichtige Heb-Amme", Leipzig, Braun 1715. Dated 1715, credited to Unknown author Unknown author. Traditional birth attendants delivered most of the world's babies throughout the period these objects cover.
1715 - Barber surgeon's chair, circa 1715, side view.. The image records barber surgeon's chair, side view. Wellcome Images. Dated 1715 in the Commons record. Specialist sets emerged as procedures standardised, and the case layout records that division of labour.
1718 - Japanese-tapping-needle-Shinkyu-chohoki-1718. Japanese tapping needle in Hongō Masatoyo's Shinkyū chōhōki, 1718 (Michel Collection, Kyushu University). Dated 1718, credited to WolfgangMichel. Instrument sets in these traditions were made by local metalworkers, so the material and finish vary by region.
1720 - Lancet owned by Edward Jenner, England, 1720-1800. Vaccination has saved countless lives, but has always been the subject of fierce debate. Why this, rather than another medical procedure? Dated 1720 in the Commons record. Edward Jenner vaccinated eight-year-old James Phipps on 14 May 1796 and published his Inquiry in 1798. He was not first: Benjamin Jesty inoculated his family with cowpox in 1774 and Peter Plett reported results between 1790 and 1792. The WHO credits Jenner with the promulgation rather than the priority.
1720 - St Bartholomew's Hospital, London; bird's-eye view of the He. The image records st Bartholomew's Hospital, London: bird's-eye view of the Henry VIII Gate and courtyard. Engraving by B. Dated 1720 in the Commons record. Endowment and religious foundation built most early hospitals, so their records are often church records.
1724 - Account of inoculations for smallpox, 1724.. Inoculation for smallpox performed at Norwich in the Year 1724. Dated 1724 in the Commons record. Variolation long predates vaccination. It is documented in China by Wan Quan in 1549, and reached Boston in 1721 when Cotton Mather learned the technique from Onesimus, an enslaved African who had been inoculated before being kidnapped.
1725 - Guy's Hospital, Southwark; an aerial view. Engraving by T. B. The image records guy's Hospital, Southwark: an aerial view. Engraving by T. Dated 1725 in the Commons record. Hospital foundations were acts of patronage, and the donor's name usually outlasted the building.
1730 - Le Dran, Surgical instruments for lithotomy, 1730. An object held in the surgery material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 1730 in the Commons record. Antisepsis and anaesthesia together changed what the inside of a body was to a surgeon.
1731 - Lying-in scene after childbirth, German, c. 1731. Etching illustrating the uncleanliness of the mother after giving birth, according to Jewish law. The Bible, Leviticus, XII, 2-5: the text states that a mother should be considered unclean for 40 days after giving birth to a boy and for 80 days after giving birth to a girl. Dated 1731 in the Commons record. Midwifery was women's work with its own transmitted knowledge until male practitioners entered it with instruments.
1733 - Bones of the torso; front view. Ink and watercolour, 1830-18. 35?, after W. Dated 1733 in the Commons record. William Cheselden's Osteographia of 1733 was drawn with a camera obscura, which is why its bones sit at such particular angles.
1733 - W. Cheselden, "Osteographia", 1733 - teeth. Teeth and jaw bone (unlettered impression). Dated 1733 in the Commons record. Printed anatomy travelled further than any dissection could, and the book outlived the specimen.
1735 - The Blessed Bernardo Tolomei Visiting Victims of the Plague by Giuseppe Maria Crespi. The image records the Blessed Bernardo Tolomei Visiting Victims of the Plague. Dated 1735, credited to Giuseppe Maria Crespi. Cities met epidemics with the tools of government before they had the tools of medicine.
1735 - Title page "Pharmacopoeia Collegii Regii ...", 1735. Title page of the Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia. Dated 1735 in the Commons record. A pharmacopoeia fixes what a drug name means and how it must be prepared, turning a local recipe into a standard that can be enforced.
1737 - Amgueddfa Cymru - Dandelion - 88234. Plate 1: Dandelion. From 'A curious herbal, containing five hundred cuts of the most useful plants', by Elizabeth Blackwell, published in 1737. Dated 1737, credited to Elizabeth Blackwell. Most of the world's drugs began as plants, and the herbal is where that knowledge was first written down.
1741 - Male anatomy from "Tabulae Anatomicae". An object held in the dissection material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 1741 in the Commons record. Public anatomies were civic occasions with tickets, tiers and an audience well beyond the medical.
1743 - The uterus, after Swammerdam, De Graaf and Cheselden. Etchin. The image records the uterus, after Swammerdam, De Graaf and Cheselden. Etching, 1743. Dated 1743 in the Commons record. Illustrators worked beside the dissector, drawing structures that would be unrecognisable within a day.
1745 - Edward Jenner manuscript 1745.. The image records edward Jenner manuscript December 12th 1745. Archives & Manuscripts. Dated 1745 in the Commons record. Edward Jenner vaccinated eight-year-old James Phipps on 14 May 1796 and published his Inquiry in 1798. He was not first: Benjamin Jesty inoculated his family with cowpox in 1774 and Peter Plett reported results between 1790 and 1792. The WHO credits Jenner with the promulgation rather than the priority.
1745 - Ward in the Bethlem Hospital at the present day.. The image records ward in the Bethlem Hospital about 1745 General Collections. Dated 1745 in the Commons record. The Retreat at York was founded by the Tuke family as moral treatment, replacing restraint with routine, work and quiet, and it was run by Quakers rather than physicians.
1746 - Dictionnaire universel de medecine, 1746. An object held in the instruments material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 1746 in the Commons record. Materials tell the date: ivory, ebony and brass give way to nickel, steel and glass as sterilisation became a requirement.
1747 - Obstetrical forceps, Levrets no. I, 1747. The image records obstetrical forceps, Levrets no. I, Wellcome Images. Dated 1747 in the Commons record. Surgical instruments were made by cutlers and jewellers, and the finish reflects the trade that made them rather than the wound they entered.
1748 - Meyer1 Skelet. Шкілет чалавека і каня з кнігі Meyer I.D. Angenehmer und nutzlicher Zeit-Vertreib mit Betrachtung curioser…, 1748. Dated 1748, credited to Johann Daniel Meyer. European anatomy after 1543 was largely the slow business of checking Galen against actual bodies.
1749 - Albinus skeleton w muscles. Bernhard Siegfried Albinus (1697-1770): Tables of the Skeleton and Muscles of the Human Body, 1749. Dated 1749, credited to McLeod. Bernhard Siegfried Albinus worked with the engraver Jan Wandelaar, who set the skeletons and muscle figures against elaborate landscape backgrounds.
1750 - Edward Jenner. The image records edward Jenner on a tree label QS:Lde,"Edward Jenner an einem Baum" label QS:Len,"Edward Jenner on a tree". Dated 1750, credited to John Raphael Smith. Edward Jenner vaccinated eight-year-old James Phipps on 14 May 1796 and published his Inquiry in 1798. He was not first: Benjamin Jesty inoculated his family with cowpox in 1774 and Peter Plett reported results between 1790 and 1792. The WHO credits Jenner with the promulgation rather than the priority.
1750 - Forceps, midwifery, 18th century. An object held in the midwifery material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 1750 in the Commons record. The Chamberlen family kept their obstetric forceps a commercial secret for roughly a century, carrying them to births in a locked box and blindfolding the mother.
1750 - Frederik 6s fødsel. Birth of Frederik 6th of Denmark-Norway. Son of Christian 7th. Dated 1750, credited to Unidentified engraver. The move of childbirth from home to hospital changed who held authority in the room.
1750 - Handbill of 18th c. pharmacy. Handbill of an 18th century pharmacy. General Collections. Dated 1750 in the Commons record. Shop fittings, drawers and counters were designed so a formula could be assembled quickly and correctly.
1750 - Front page; Pharmacopoeia Domestica; Fuller.. 1750 in the Commons record. A pharmacopoeia fixes what a drug name means and how it must be prepared, turning a local recipe into a standard that can be enforced.
1750 - Ibn al-nafis page. The opening page of one of Ibn al-Nafis's medical works. This is probably a copy made in India during the 17th or 18th century. Dated 1750 in the Commons record. Printing arrived at different dates in each of these traditions, which changed how widely the texts circulated.
1750 - History upon Death (1750) - page 1. Illustration from page 1 of History upon Death (1750). Dated 1750, credited to Unknown engraver. Colour printing arrived late to anatomy, so most of its canonical images are line engravings read as diagrams.
1750 - MS Arabic 21, Miscellaneous. Sudanese amulet. Arabic Manuscript, no. 21, Miscellaneous. Dated 1750 in the Commons record. Anatomical knowledge in these systems came from surgery, injury and animal work rather than from routine human dissection.
1750 - Case of Lithotomy Instruments, mid 18th century. The image records case of Lithotomy Instruments Wellcome Images. Dated 1750 in the Commons record. Before anaesthesia and antisepsis, the surgeon's craft was speed, and the toolkit is designed around it.
1750 - 18th century surgical instrument case of Dr. Gillespie,. Surgical instrument case of Dr. Wellcome Images. Dated 1750 in the Commons record. An instrument set records exactly which operations its owner expected to perform.
1750 - Amputation of breast with instruments. An object held in the surgery material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 1750 in the Commons record. Operating theatres were built for teaching as much as for operating, with tiers of students looking down.
1750 - Alter Mann mit Tochter und Enkelkind beim Bader. The image records alter Mann mit Tochter und Enkelkind beim Bader, Aquarell auf Papier, 23 x 30 cm, deutsch/niederländisch, Ende 18. Dated 1750, credited to Unknown author Unknown author. Surgical trades were long separate from physic, and the surgeon's standing rose with what anaesthesia let him attempt.
1753 - Trade card for Thomas Ribright, optician, London, England. The image records trade card for Thomas Ribright, optician, London, England, 1753-1772 Thomas Ribright was an English optician working in London from 1735 to 1772. The trade card shows the items that he made including spectacles, microscopes and telescopes. Dated 1753 in the Commons record. The instrument came before the theory, and for two centuries people saw microorganisms without connecting them to disease.
1756 - British Herbal (1756) Plate 01. An object held in the herbals material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 1756, credited to Boyce, engraver. Medicinal plants moved along trade routes, and the herbals record which ones arrived and when.
1760 - Baitenhausen Kirche Vierungsfresko detail Geburt. Fresko in der Vierung der Wallfahrtskirche Maria zum Berge Karmel, Baitenhausen, Stadt Meersburg, Bodenseekreis. Motiv: "Himmelfahrt und Krönung Mariens", 1760. Dated 1760 in the Commons record. Instruments entered the birth room as both a rescue and a claim to professional standing.
1763 - The Rake's Progress 8. The Interior of Bedlam ( Bethlem Royal Hospital ), from A Rake's Progress by William Hogarth, 1763. Dated 1763, credited to William Hogarth. Bethlem Royal Hospital, the origin of the word bedlam, admitted paying spectators for much of the eighteenth century.
1763 - Channels and points of the front of the head and neck. Woodcut illustration from an edition of 1763 (28th year of the Qianlong reign period of the Qing dynasty), showing the paths of the channels and distribution of the acu-moxa locations on the face and neck. The lines represent the stomach channel of footyangming, the gall bladder channel of footshaoyang, the lung channel of handtaiyin, the kidney channel of footshaoyin, the small intestine channel. Dated 1763 in the Commons record. Codification into a fixed canon usually happened centuries after the practices themselves were established.
1765 - Two anatomical oil paintings by d'Agoty, 1765-1765. Painting on left: Two dissected male figures, one seated, the other standing behind, with viscera on the floor in the foreground. Painting on right: A standing dissected man, posterior view, with separate sections of the brain. Dated 1765 in the Commons record. The dissecting room was a seasonal place, worked in winter because the cold bought time.
1769 - The Hôtel Dieu, Paris. Line engraving by R. Wallis, 1830, af. The image records the Hôtel Dieu, Paris. Line engraving by R. Dated 1769 in the Commons record. The Hôtel-Dieu in Paris is among the oldest continuously operating hospitals in Europe, and for much of its history put several patients in a single bed.
1770 - Kreupele man in driewielig karretje, RP-P-OB-46.569. Identificatie Titel(s): Man in een kar ontvangt muntgeld Amsterdamse straatfiguren rond 1770 (serietitel) Objecttype: prent Objectnummer: RP-P-OB-46.569 Opschriften / Merken: verzamelaarsmerk, verso, gestempeld: Lugt 240, tekst, ondermarge, gegraveerd: ‘Veel menschen Rijden tot vermaak;/ Daar ik uit nood, met pijn belaaden,/ word voort getrokken, om een zaak,/ Die niemand duister valt te raaden.’. Dated 1770, credited to Rijksmuseum. Assistive devices were often made to be hidden, which shaped them as much as function did.
1771 - John Aitken, Essays on several important sub. Aitken, John, d. John Aitken, Essays on several important subjects in surgery.....; London: E and C Dilly, 1771. Dated 1771 in the Commons record. Wound management, not heroic operating, is most of surgery's actual history.
1772 - Edward Jenner, certificate of attendance at. MANUSCRIPT: WIHM Western MS 5231/1 Edward Jenner, certificate of attendance at lectures by William Hunter, London, 1772. Archives & Manuscripts. Dated 1772 in the Commons record. Edward Jenner vaccinated eight-year-old James Phipps on 14 May 1796 and published his Inquiry in 1798. He was not first: Benjamin Jesty inoculated his family with cowpox in 1774 and Peter Plett reported results between 1790 and 1792. The WHO credits Jenner with the promulgation rather than the priority.
1772 - Habner-1777. Pages extraites de : Die Edle Garten Wissenschaft von Unterschidlichen Welschen und Indianischen Früchte und Gewächsen, Welche in Teutschland die Mehriste anzu (La noble science horticole des différents fruits et plantes sauvages des Indes, qui sont les plus répandus en Allemagne). Passau 1772-1777, par Johann Habner. Dated 1772, credited to Johann Habner (XVIIIe siècle). The same plant carried different names in every region, so the picture often did the work the text could not.
1773 - Foolish Sam, a mentally defective man in London. Lettering: Foolish Sam an ideot well known about Leicester Fields, Newport Market &c. Died anno 1773. Dated 1773 in the Commons record. Reform movements recur throughout this history, each promising to replace restraint with something else.
1774 - Hunterw table 12. A drawing from William Hunter's The anatomy of the human gravid uterus exhibited in figures (1774). Dated 1774, credited to William Hunter. William Hunter's Anatomy of the Human Gravid Uterus of 1774 was drawn from dissections of women who had died in late pregnancy, and it is drawn with a deliberate refusal to idealise.
1774 - Japanese Manuscript MS 32. Kaitai Shinso, first edition 1774 The first translation into Japanese of the western medical book, Anatomische Tabellen composed by Johann Adam Kulmus (1699-1745) of Breslau. Anatomical engraving of male and female. Dated 1774 in the Commons record. Colonial administrations recorded these practices in ways that served their own purposes, so the archive is partial.
1775 - Michel Schuppach, with a patient in the hands of a skelton. The image records michel Schuppach, with a patient in the hands of a skelton (death); parody of engraving "La pharmacie rustique", by Chretien de Mechel, 1775. Wellcome Images. Dated 1775 in the Commons record. Anatomical figures were often posed like classical statuary, borrowing authority from art to make dissection respectable.
1777 - Anonymous - Guillaume Dupuytren (1777-1835), à l'Hôtel-Dieu. French: Guillaume Dupuytren (1777-1835), à l'Hôtel-Dieu, présente à Charles X une opérée des yeux. title QS:P1476,fr:"Guillaume Dupuytren (1777-1835), à l'Hôtel-Dieu, présente à Charles X une opérée des yeux. " label QS:Lfr,"Guillaume Dupuytren (1777-1835), à l'Hôtel-Dieu, présente à Charles X une opérée des yeux. ". Dated 1777, credited to anonymous. The Hôtel-Dieu in Paris is among the oldest continuously operating hospitals in Europe, and for much of its history put several patients in a single bed.
1779 - Standing écorché figure, from behind, showing skeleton.. A standing écorché figure, seen from behind, showing the skeleton. Crayon manner print by J. Dated 1779 in the Commons record. An écorché strips the skin to show the muscles beneath, a figure made for artists as much as for surgeons.
1780 - München Deutsches Museum Inv. 2069. zusammengesetztes Mikroskop von Johann Balthasar Oppelt, Detail: Objektträger. Dated 1780 in the Commons record. Bacteriology's basic apparatus made invisible life countable, which is what turned an idea into evidence.
1780 - Herbier de la France. CHAMPIGNON DE, I.A FRANCK. l'açaric orongk (\^raie). Dated 1780, credited to Bulliard, Pierre. Woodcut, engraving and lithography each changed what a botanical plate could show.
1780 - Herbier de la France. PLAN TK \^RNP^NEITSE DK I-A FHAN(^E, /'/. i:)t l'if baccifeue. Dated 1780, credited to Bulliard, Pierre. A herbal had to be accurate enough to prevent a fatal misidentification, which is why botanical illustration developed such precision, as in this 1780 example.
1780 - Herbier de la France. ( IIAMPIGNON l)K I.A FRANC K JV j3^ T/AGARIC COMKwSTIlil.K. -/\q^^cUMCUS CctllllS.. Dated 1780, credited to Bulliard, Pierre. A herbal had to be accurate enough to prevent a fatal misidentification, which is why botanical illustration developed such precision, as in this 1780 example.
1780 - Herbier de la France. The image records herbier de la France (10038615703). Dated 1780, credited to Bulliard, Pierre. A herbal had to be accurate enough to prevent a fatal misidentification, which is why botanical illustration developed such precision, as in this 1780 example.
1780 - Herbier de la France. PJ^AN'l'K \-KNKNKUSE 1)K I.A Fll.AXCK /V /,-i.'. I.A GRATIOI.K OFFICIXALK. Dated 1780, credited to Bulliard, Pierre. A herbal had to be accurate enough to prevent a fatal misidentification, which is why botanical illustration developed such precision, as in this 1780 example.
1780 - Herbier de la France. CHAMPIGNON DE J^A FR^VNCK yy. I -'AGARIC MOMENTANi:. Dated 1780, credited to Bulliard, Pierre. Woodcut, engraving and lithography each changed what a botanical plate could show.
1780 - Herbier de la France. PIvANTK SUSPKCTK DK IwV FRANCK J'/jsS. I.A COCRISTR GLABRE. Dated 1780, credited to Bulliard, Pierre. Herbals mixed observation with inherited text, and separating the two is much of the scholarship on them.
1780 - Herbier de la France. I.A RF..VO.VC I l.E GllAMlXF.iL. Iv tUlllUC ulllS çi;r aminé us. Dated 1780, credited to Bulliard, Pierre. Herbals mixed observation with inherited text, and separating the two is much of the scholarship on them.
1780 - Herbier de la France. pi.AN'n: \ i.np:,nkitsj*: j.k j.a kranci: p/.j^j. I.A I.AURPIOLK ODORANTK. Dated 1780, credited to Bulliard, Pierre. Colouring was often applied by hand after printing, so two copies of one herbal can differ substantially.
1780 - Herbier de la France. CHAMPIGNON DF- I/A FRANCE,. 'agaric Bl.ANC, iVlVOIRK. Dated 1780, credited to Bulliard, Pierre. Monastery and university gardens preserved species and the knowledge of using them.
1780 - Herbier de la France. CIIAMrir^ON DE LA Fl^\NrK yv jiC: LA TEZIZIL l.ÎOmE Pezizanigjra..Klvela n Schoeff.i.cLvin.Pezizapolyniorplia flou. scoxPezizaa'/^/OT/^^/^^ llALI-.O// trouve ù-ès cvmniune/rien/ cette ejrcrq^Jofice sur /es i?îeu.r cAène^,t£a/is les 6ois el dan^ tous les cÂanàers de lois à Iru/er^en novc/nhrc, décemlre eljam?icr.je ne l'ai j a/nais re/iconù'c'e aue surdes InicAes de cÂene et Je n'ai, ai ya/nctiAS. Dated 1780, credited to Bulliard, Pierre. Doctrine of signatures reasoning shaped which plants were tried for which complaint.
1780 - Herbier de la France. PLANTE \T^NKNEUSE DK LA FK.\N('F, PLjiS.. LCENANTHE S.^FRANEK. Dated 1780, credited to Bulliard, Pierre. Many modern drugs are refinements of compounds first isolated from plants recorded in these books.
1780 - Herbier de la France. CHAMPIGNON FRANCE, I.ACtAIIIC TURJîINE. AO cU'lC us UirbiualUS. Dated 1780, credited to Bulliard, Pierre. Medicinal plants moved along trade routes, and the herbals record which ones arrived and when, a point the 1780 herbier example illustrates.
1780 - Herbier de la France. PLANTE SUSPECTE DE LA FRANCE l'I.ic LA PrV'OINE OJTTCIN.VI.E rio.niANC. J rCOlllcX OulCUiedlS,^. Dated 1780, credited to Bulliard, Pierre. Medicinal plants moved along trade routes, and the herbals record which ones arrived and when, a point the 1780 herbier example illustrates.
1780 - Herbier de la France (Pl. 61). PLANTE VENENEUSE DE LA FRANCE PI 61 LA CHELIDOINE MA JEURE. Clielidoniuni ruajus. Dated 1780, credited to Bulliard, Pierre. Medicinal plants moved along trade routes, and the herbals record which ones arrived and when, a point the 1780 herbier example illustrates.
1780 - Herbier de la France (Pl. 52). CHAMPIGNON DE L,A FRANCK PI al. I.A VESSE -JLOITP l.ACUNEUSE. Dated 1780, credited to Bulliard, Pierre. Medicinal plants moved along trade routes, and the herbals record which ones arrived and when, a point the 1780 herbier example illustrates.
1780 - Herbier de la France (Pl. 50). L AGARI C SAFRANE..Agrandis croceus. On trouve ce t'fiampianon en Septembre et Octo/'ie^fans fes terreais secs. Dated 1780, credited to Bulliard, Pierre. Medicinal plants moved along trade routes, and the herbals record which ones arrived and when, as the 1780 herbier record shows in its 2th form.
1780 - Herbier de la France (Pl. 96). CHAMPIGNON DE LA FRANCE. L'AGARIC ARAMEUX. Dated 1780, credited to Bulliard, Pierre. Medicinal plants moved along trade routes, and the herbals record which ones arrived and when, as the 1780 herbier record shows in its 2th form.
1780 - Herbier de la France (Pl. 80). CHAMPIGNON DE LA FRANCE PI. L'AGARIC PLISSE. Dated 1780, credited to Bulliard, Pierre. Medicinal plants moved along trade routes, and the herbals record which ones arrived and when, as the 1780 herbier record shows in its 2th form.
1780 - Herbier de la France (Pl. 78). CHAMPIGNON DE EA FRANCE. 78- l'agaric couleuvre. Dated 1780, credited to Bulliard, Pierre. Ambroise Paré replaced boiling oil for gunshot wounds with a salve of egg yolk, oil of roses and turpentine, having run out of oil during a campaign and found his patients did better.
1780 - Herbier de la France (Pl. 76). CHAMPIGNON LA FRANCE. L'AGARIC F U SIFORME. Dated 1780, credited to Bulliard, Pierre. Medicinal plants moved along trade routes, and the herbals record which ones arrived and when, as the 1780 herbier record shows in its 2th form.
1780 - Herbier de la France (Pl. 74). CHAMPIGNON DE LA FRANCE. PI LE BOLET FOIE. Dated 1780, credited to Bulliard, Pierre. Medicinal plants moved along trade routes, and the herbals record which ones arrived and when, as the 1780 herbier record shows in its 3th form.
1780 - Herbier de la France (Pl. 72). CHAMPIGNON ■es. izvec LA VESSE - LOUP D'HIVER, LvCOPfMXlOll JiyemïUe. Dated 1780, credited to Bulliard, Pierre. Medicinal plants moved along trade routes, and the herbals record which ones arrived and when, as the 1780 herbier record shows in its 3th form.
1780 - Herbier de la France (Pl. 70). CHAMPIGNON DE EA FRANCE L'AGARIC TIGRE. Ajvancus llgM'iluis, On trouve ce CHAMPIGNON pendant l'ete et l'automne dans les Bois sur Je vieux trônes darore' pourris et plus communément sur des souches d'Orme. Dated 1780, credited to Bulliard, Pierre. Medicinal plants moved along trade routes, and the herbals record which ones arrived and when, as the 1780 herbier record shows in its 3th form.
1780 - Herbier de la France (Pl. 67). PLANTE VENENEUSE DE LA FRANCE PI. 6-, EA MORELLE COMMUNE. Dated 1780, credited to Bulliard, Pierre. Medicinal plants moved along trade routes, and the herbals record which ones arrived and when, as the 1780 herbier record shows in its 3th form.
1780 - Herbier de la France (Pl. 63). PLANTE VENENEUSE DE LA FRANCE. L'ACONIT TUE LOUP. Dated 1780, credited to Bulliard, Pierre. Medicinal plants moved along trade routes, and the herbals record which ones arrived and when, as the 1780 herbier record shows in its 4th form.
1785 - Plan Detaille du Premier etage du Nouvel Hotel-Dieu, 1785 - Cornell University Library. Architectural drawing of the proposed new Hôtel-Dieu de Paris, France. Dated 1785, credited to Bernard Poyet (1742-1824). Nurses' homes, laundries and kitchens were as much a part of the hospital as the wards.
1786 - Illustrated Manual of Medical Plants. This book is considered the first full-scale botanical art book in Japan. It was published in the late Edo period and comprises 92 volumes (volumes 1−4 remain incomplete), including more than 1,900 varieties of plants. Dated 1786, credited to Iwasaki, Kanʼen, 1786-1842. A herbal had to be accurate enough to prevent a fatal misidentification, which is why botanical illustration developed such precision, as in this 1786 example.
1787 - Optics; two kinds of specialist microscope. Engraving, 1787. 1787 in the Commons record. Laboratory microbiology was assembled from glassware, dyes and patience, and its equipment barely changed for decades.
1787 - A barber-surgeon extracting stones from a woman's head; symb. The image records a barber-surgeon extracting stones from a woman's head; symbolising the expulsion of 'folly'(insanity). Watercolour by J. Dated 1787 in the Commons record. The buildings outlasted their purpose and most have been demolished or converted.
1788 - The inaugural meeting of the Medical Society of London in th. The image records the inaugural meeting of the Medical Society of London in the Society's Council Chamber, 1788. Engraving by N.C. Dated 1788 in the Commons record. Vaccination's history is a history of logistics as much as immunology, since a vaccine that cannot be kept cold cannot be delivered.
1788 - 2d and 3e Etages du Batiment Meridional de L'Hotel-Dieu, 1788 - Cornell University Library. Architectural drawing of the Hôtel-Dieu de Paris, France. Dated 1788, credited to Unknown author Unknown author. Outpatient departments and dispensaries handled most of the actual medical contact.
1788 - Lasarettet 01. Lasarettet (military hospital from 1788) at Odderoya, Lasaretthøyden, Kristiansand, Norway. Dated 1788, credited to Bjoertvedt. What an epidemic was believed to be determined what was built against it, and the buildings outlast the beliefs.
1790 - Semmelweis House. - Apród Street, Budapest. Late Baroque house, originally built around 1790, rebuilt after the 1810 Tabán fire. Listed building ID: 5. Dated 1790, credited to Globetrotter19. Ignaz Semmelweis introduced chlorinated lime handwashing at the Vienna General Hospital in mid-May 1847, and mortality in the First Clinic fell from 18.3 per cent that April to 1.2 per cent by July.
1790 - Portrait of 'Mad Margery'; including frame. Portrait of Mad Margery, a young woman driven mad and living in the fields. Mad Margery, wearing patched clothes, holding flowers, with straw in her hair and dirt on her face, her eyes watery with tears, her right shoulder exposed. Dated 1790 in the Commons record. The asylum's material record is furniture, architecture and paperwork, and those objects say more than any portrait of an inmate.
1790 - Obstetrical forceps of Haighton, 1790. The image records obstetrical forceps of Haighton. General Collections. Dated 1790 in the Commons record. The Chamberlen family kept their obstetric forceps a commercial secret for roughly a century, carrying them to births in a locked box and blindfolding the mother.
1790 - J. L. Petit, Traite des maladies chirurgicales..., 1790. An object held in the surgery material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 1790 in the Commons record. Military campaigns drove surgical innovation because they supplied injuries in volume.
1791 - Phylidors naturliche Geistererscheinungen. Illustration of a performance by Phylidor, from a 1791 handbill. Dated 1791, credited to Phylidor. The layered plate, peeling structures back one sheet at a time, was an attempt to put the sequence of a dissection on paper.
1794 - Containing factitious airs, 1794. Apparatus for producing and containing factitious airs. Dated 1794 in the Commons record. Anaesthesia changed what surgery could attempt, because the limit stopped being the patient's endurance.
1795 - Philippe Pinel à la Salpêtrière. French psychiatrist Philippe Pinel (1745-1826) releasing lunatics from their chains at the Salpêtrière asylum in Paris in 1795. Dated 1795, credited to Tony Robert-Fleury. Philippe Pinel is remembered for striking the chains from asylum inmates in Paris, an image reproduced far more often than the administrative reforms it stood for.
1796 - Watercolour; the cottage where Edward. The cottage where Edward Jenner performed the first vaccination, May 14, 1796 Wellcome Images. Pick; Edward Jenner. Dated 1796 in the Commons record. The word vaccine comes from vacca, meaning cow, though modern smallpox vaccine contains vaccinia rather than cowpox, shown to be serologically distinct by Allan Watt Downie in 1939.
1796 - Man-midwives attempting to deliver a monstrous woman. The image records man-midwives attempting to deliver a monstrous woman representing the Dutch National Convention. Etching attributed to James Gillray, 1796, after David Hess. Dated 1796 in the Commons record. Licensing of midwives ran through church and municipal authorities long before medical ones.
1797 - 'Horatio Nelson Esqr now Sir Horatio Nelson K.B. Rear Admiral of the Blue Squadron. The image records 'Horatio Nelson Esqr now Sir Horatio Nelson K.B. Rear Admiral of the Blue Squadron. Dated 1797, credited to Robert Shipster; after John Francis Rigaud. Isolation blocks, fever wards and separate entrances record beliefs about how disease moved through a building.
1797 - C18 Chinese woodcut; Lurking-cold pharyngitis. Woodcut illustration from the anonymous medical handbookZhengzhi tuzhu houke(Diagnosis and Treatment of Throat Conditions, Illustrated), edition engraved in 1797 (2nd year of the Jiaqing reign period of the Qing dynasty, Ding Si year).This book discusses eight branches of throat medicine, includingyanhou men(the branch of laryngopharyngeal medicine),ru'e men(the branch of tonsillitis - lit.. Dated 1797 in the Commons record. Trade in drugs and spices carried medical knowledge along the same routes as the goods.
1797 - C18 Chinese woodcut; Throat abscess with hoarse voice. Woodcut illustration from the anonymous medical handbookZhengzhi tuzhu houke(Diagnosis and Treatment of Throat Conditions, Illustrated), edition engraved in 1797 (2nd year of the Jiaqing reign period of the Qing dynasty, Ding Si year).This book discusses eight branches of throat medicine, includingyanhou men(the branch of laryngopharyngeal medicine),ru'e men(the branch of tonsillitis - lit.. Dated 1797 in the Commons record. Many of these works survive because they were copied into other languages, not because the originals were kept.
1798 - Sample of Edward Jenners hair, 1823.. A lock of Jenner’s hair cut off after his death on January 23rd, 1823. Jenner (1749-1823), an English doctor and pupil of John Hunter, introduced fluid from a cowpox sore through a person's skin, in order to inoculate them against smallpox, a similar but more dangerous disease. Dated 1798, credited to Science Museum London / Science and Society Picture Library. Vaccination campaigns produced their own paperwork of certificates, registers and records, which is often all that survives of them.
1799 - Midwifery lectures (Lowder and Haighton). The image records midwifery lectures (Lowder and Haighton) Student's notes of lectures on Midwifery in an interleaved copy of 'A Syllabus of the Lectures on Midwifery delivered at Guy's Hospital, and at Dr. Lowder's and Dr. Dated 1799 in the Commons record. Teaching hospitals combined care with instruction, which shaped who was admitted and why.
1800 - Barber-surgeons' Hall, Monkwell Street, London; the rear ele. The image records barber-surgeons' Hall, Monkwell Street, London: the rear elevation of the hall, showing the window of the anatomy theatre. Engraving, 1800. Dated 1800 in the Commons record. Anatomy theatres were built as steep rings so that every tier could see the table, and dissections were staged in winter because the cold slowed decay.
1800 - Edward Jenner. Line engraving after J. R. Smith, 1800.. The image records edward Jenner. Line engraving after J. R. Smith, 1800. (John Raphael Smith (1752-1812)). Dated 1800 in the Commons record. Opposition to vaccination is as old as vaccination and used much the same arguments from the beginning.
1800 - The history of vaccination seen from an economic point of vi. The image records the history of vaccination seen from an economic point of view: A pharmacy up for sale; an outmoded inoculist selling his premises; Jenner, to the left, pursues a skeleton with a lancet. Coloured etching, c. Dated 1800 in the Commons record. Arm-to-arm transfer kept early vaccine alive between people, with all the risks that implies.
1800 - Sept contre un, ou le Comité de la Vaccine, début XIXème siècle. "On y voit le «citoyen Tapp» (c'est ainsi que l'appelle l'un des personnages) traitant de «charlatans» les membres du comité de la vaccine, qui protestent. On remarque à terre la boîte dans laquelle fut envoyé de Londres à Paris le fluide qui servit à William Woodwille, chef de l'hôpital des inoculés de Londres, dans la séance de vaccination du 2 juin 1800 (voir la note en tête du présent chapitre). Dated 1800, credited to Unknown author Unknown author. Variolation long predates vaccination. It is documented in China by Wan Quan in 1549, and reached Boston in 1721 when Cotton Mather learned the technique from Onesimus, an enslaved African who had been inoculated before being kidnapped.
1800 - Aardewerk vijzel met twee platte, massieve, horizontale oren aan de bovenrand, objectnr 4312. Objectgegevens Titel: Aardewerk vijzel met twee platte, massieve, horizontale oren aan de bovenrand Beschrijving: Aardewerk vijzel met twee platte, massieve, horizontale oren aan de bovenrand. Verhoogd standvlak, aan de onderzijde een standring. Dated 1800, credited to Museum Rotterdam. Poison regulation forced distinctive bottles, ribbed glass and locked cupboards into every pharmacy.
1801 - Two old gouty men dancing with bandaged legs, an old nurse i. The image records two old gouty men dancing with bandaged legs, an old nurse is holding their crutches, behind her is a gleeful doctor. Coloured aquatint, 1801. Dated 1801 in the Commons record. Training schools turned nursing from domestic labour into a credentialled profession, slowly and against resistance.
1801 - Cowpox pustules from the sixth to the eighteenth days of. The image records cowpox pustules from the sixth to the eighteenth days of the disease. Watercolour by W. Dated 1801 in the Commons record. Compulsory vaccination laws produced organised resistance, and both left substantial printed records.
1801 - Pocket surgical instrument set, cased, Barcelona, Spain. The image records pocket surgical instrument set, cased, Barcelona, Spain, 1801-1900 This fourteen-piece surgical instrument kit was small enough to be carried by the owner. The case is leather embossed and painted with gold detail and also has a side pocket, possibly for papers. Dated 1801 in the Commons record. Instrument handles were made in ivory, ebony and chequered wood for grip, and were later abandoned as unsterilisable.
1802 - The cow pock. !, vide. the Publications of y e Anti-Vaccine Society Print (color engraving) published June 12, 1802 by H. Dated 1802, credited to James Gillray. Producing vaccine at scale was an agricultural problem before it was a pharmaceutical one.
1802 - Armenian MS 5, 51 recto. Medical Texts, 1802, Dictionary of Italian names for herbs, plants and medicines in Latin and Armenian in order of the Italian alphabet, written in notragir (notary hand) Wellcome Images. Dated 1802 in the Commons record. A herbal had to be accurate enough to prevent a fatal misidentification, which is why botanical illustration developed such precision, as in this 1802 example.
1803 - Edward Jenner's honorary doctorate of law.. The image records edward Jenner's honorary doctorate of law from Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Archives & Manuscripts. Dated 1803 in the Commons record. Registers, certificates and lancet cases are what survives of campaigns whose subjects went unphotographed.
1803 - St. Louis Centennial parade float depicting treatment of the insane in 1803. Louis Centennial parade float depicting treatment of the insane in 1803. Dated 1803, credited to Unknown author Unknown author. Asylums were built at scale in the nineteenth century on the belief that the building itself was therapeutic.
1803 - Napoléon climbing a headless skeleton trying to reach an una. The image records napoléon climbing a headless skeleton trying to reach an unattainable crown satirizing his imperial ambitions for France and his own for sovereignty. Coloured etching, 1803. Dated 1803 in the Commons record. Anatomy's vocabulary was still settling, so the same structure carries different names across contemporary atlases.
1804 - Edward Jenner, Freedom of the City of Dublin, 1804.. Page of manuscript: "Be it remembered that at the General Assembly of the Right Honorable the Lord Mayor..." Archives & Manuscripts. Dated 1804 in the Commons record. Storage temperature governs whether a vaccine works, which makes refrigeration part of the medicine.
1805 - Revue des peintres Pl.11. Scène du choléra. G.38182. Auteur(s): Julien, Bernard-Romain (Bayonne, 16, 11, 1802 - Bayonne, 03, 12, 1871), dessinateur-lithographe Bouchot, François (Paris, 29, 11, 1800 - Paris, 07, 02, 1842), auteur du modèle Delaunois, Nicolas Louis (Reims, 06, 02, 1805), imprimeur-lithographe Autre titre: La mort : le décès, la veillée du défunt. (Titre de la série) Date de production: En 1834 Datation en siècle: 19e siècle Type(s). Dated 1805 in the Commons record. Counting the dead was itself a contested act, and the numbers usually arrived late.
1806 - George Bidder, a mental calculator, aged thirteen. Line engr. The image records george Bidder, a mental calculator, aged thirteen. Line engraving by J.H. Dated 1806 in the Commons record. Admission registers and case books are the administrative residue of institutions that held people for years.
1806 - Trepanning instruments, c. 1806. An object held in the surgery material of the free record, catalogued on Wikimedia Commons. Dated 1806 in the Commons record. Specialist sets emerged as procedures standardised, and the case layout records that division of labour.
1807 - Hospice des Incurables Hommes, Paris; floor and street plan. The image records hospice des Incurables Hommes, Paris: floor and street plan and facade. Engraving by J.E. Dated 1807 in the Commons record. Hospital architecture is an argument about disease made in brick, and each theory of contagion produced a different floor plan.

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