Orthopedics

The oldest surgery there is, and the one that leaves the most evidence, because bone survives. A trepanned skull from about 3300 BC, splints from Egyptian tombs, a Greek bench with winches for pulling a dislocated shoulder back into place, and a Sanskrit treatise on fracture management that predates or matches Hippocrates. The word itself was coined in 1741 by a physician who was writing child-rearing advice for parents and feuding with the surgeons, and his famous crooked tree tied to a stake was a metaphor about raising children straight, not a picture of a brace. Then anaesthesia, antisepsis that took twenty years to win and was superseded anyway, and an x-ray whose use on broken bones appeared in the very first newspaper story about it. Wars filled the wards and the workshops, though the science that made the difference was mostly civilian and the first modern trauma service was built for a Manchester canal. Joints were replaced in plastic that failed, then in metal that failed again fifty years later in the same way, and the thing that caught it the second time was a registry. This archive covers what was done and when, and leaves the how to the textbooks.

A chronological documentary of 947 moments spanning 3300 BC–2026 on Loreline.

Curated by Olivier · last updated 2026-09-20

Eras

Bones, Bone itself, and the study of it. Pathological specimens, museum jars, dissection and the anatomy theatres, Vesalius in 1543 and the centuries of engravings made after him, the Persian and Arabic anatomical manuscripts, and a trepanned skull from about 3300 BC that shows the patient survived. This is where the field keeps its evidence, and much of it is older than the specialty that claims it.
Books, The paper trail, which on this subject is unusually rich. The Edwin Smith papyrus from about 1600 BC, the earliest surviving surgical document. Vesalius in 1543 and the engravings copied from him for centuries. The Sushruta Samhita. Al-Zahrawi. The great illustrated atlases of the nineteenth century, the journals, the case books, and the trade catalogues. These are instructional documents by intent, and they are held here as historical objects: what they are and why they mattered, never what they instruct.
Splints, Holding bone still, which is most of what this specialty actually does. Splints and bandaging, the plaster of Paris bandage and the argument about who introduced it, corsets and spinal jackets, the Thomas splint, the Milwaukee brace, calipers, and the traditional bonesetters who worked alongside and often ahead of the profession. On the Thomas splint, note what this archive does not say: the famous wartime mortality figure is not established, the sources disagree, and Thomas himself died in 1891, more than twenty years before the war it is credited with changing.
Prosthetics, Replacing what was lost. A wooden toe from an Egyptian burial, the iron hand of Gotz von Berlichingen, the limb workshops that grew after every war, Roehampton, the American limb trade and its patents, and the modern line from Stoke Mandeville and Ludwig Guttmann through osseointegration and running blades. The people wearing the limbs are here as much as the limbs themselves.
Instruments, The tools, and the oldest continuous thread in the whole subject. Amputation saws with griffin-head handles, bone chisels and osteotomes, trephines, Liston knives, traction apparatus, the Hippocratic bench with its winches, the instrument illustrations in al-Zahrawi, and the fitted cases that surgeons carried. Also the trade catalogues of the instrument makers, which are a large and badly under-used documentary record of what was actually available to buy and when.
Wards, The buildings and the systems. Fracture wards, the open-air sanatoria for tuberculosis of the spine, the polio wards and their respirators, rehabilitation centres, and the specialist hospitals built for children with rickets and deformity. Also the accident service Robert Jones built for the Manchester Ship Canal between 1888 and 1893, which is a civilian industrial origin for the modern trauma system and a useful corrective to the idea that war invented everything here.
War Surgery, What happened when the wounded arrived in numbers. Larrey and the flying ambulances, the American Civil War, the evacuation chains of both world wars, limb salvage against amputation, and veteran rehabilitation afterwards. Handled as documented history and not as spectacle. Much of the surviving material shows identifiable patients who could not consent to being photographed, so it is included where it carries the history and the instrument or the ward is preferred to the wound.
People, The surgeons, the makers and the patients. Pare, who revived the arterial ligature that Galen had used and medieval Europe had forgotten, and who wrote up the boiling oil himself. Andry, who named the field while writing advice for parents. Thomas and his nephew Jones. Ilizarov in Kurgan, invisible to the West for twenty years. And the people the histories usually leave out: the bonesetters, the limb fitters, the nurses, and the patients whose photographs are the actual record.
Implants, Things left inside the body. Plates, screws, nails and rods, and above all the artificial joint: the ivory and acrylic experiments, Charnley, and the plastic cup that wore out catastrophically before he found one that did not. The most useful thing in this segment is a repetition. Charnley's Teflon failure and the 2010 recall of a metal-on-metal hip are the same failure fifty years apart, debris from a bearing surface provoking destructive reaction in the tissue around it, and metal-on-metal had already failed once before that. What caught it the second time was neither the manufacturers nor the trials but the national joint registries, in England and Australia, independently.
X-rays, Seeing inside, which changed this field faster than anything before it. Rontgen published in December 1895 and the surgical use on broken bones was in the first newspaper story about the discovery, on 5 January 1896, with clinical fracture plates within weeks. Compare antisepsis, a cheap idea that took twenty years to be accepted and was then superseded by asepsis. Also the early tubes and fluoroscopes, the shoe-fitting machines, the memorial in Hamburg to the radiologists who died of their own equipment, and the later imaging that followed.

3300 BC - Trepanned skull, found at Börnecke Schützenholz, c. 3300 BC, human skull - Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum. Exhibit in the Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum, Braunschweig, Germany. Trepanation, the cutting of an opening in the skull, is among the oldest operations for which there is physical evidence, and trepanned skulls with healed margins survive in museum collections worldwide, showing that people lived afterwards.
c. 1600 BC - Eygptian Medicine; Papyrus. Edwin Smith Papyrus Recto Column 2 (Cases 3-6). The Edwin Smith Papyrus, copied circa 1600 BCE and thought to derive from an older text, sets out 48 cases of wounds and fractures ordered from the skull downward.
c. 1600 BC - EdSmPaPlateVIandVIIPrintsx. Edwin Smith Papyrus, Recto Column 7 (left) and Column 6 (right), containing Cases 12-20. The Edwin Smith Papyrus, copied circa 1600 BCE and thought to derive from an older text, sets out 48 cases of wounds and fractures ordered from the skull downward.
c. 1600 BC - Images from Edwin Smith Papyrus. Edwin Smith Papyrus Recto Column 14 (Cases 41-43) Original papyrus on left, Hieroglyphic transliterations on right. The Edwin Smith Papyrus, copied circa 1600 BCE and thought to derive from an older text, sets out 48 cases of wounds and fractures ordered from the skull downward.
c. 1600 BC - Edwin Smith Papyrus v2. The Edwin Smith papyrus, the world's oldest surviving surgical document. The Edwin Smith Papyrus, copied circa 1600 BCE and thought to derive from an older text, sets out 48 cases of wounds and fractures ordered from the skull downward.
c. 1600 BC - Page from Edwin Smith surgical papyrus... 2 (Cases 3-6). The Edwin Smith Papyrus, copied circa 1600 BCE and thought to derive from an older text, sets out 48 cases of wounds and fractures ordered from the skull downward.
100 BC - Reduction of a dislocated mandible by a Greek surgeon.. 's 1544 commentary on the Hippocratic surgical texts.
1200 - The Susruta-Samhita or Sahottara-Tantra (A Treatise on Ayurvedic Medicine) LACMA M.87.271a-g (1 of 8). Nepal, Text- 12th-13th century; Images- 18th-19th century Books Ink and opaque watercolor on palm leaf Gift of Emeritus Professor and Mrs. Thomas O. Ballinger (M.87.271a-g) South and Southeast Asian Art. The Sushruta Samhita, circa 600 BCE, describes the management of fractures and dislocations, including a classification of fracture types.
1200 - Treatise on Surgery of al-Zahrawi (CBL Ar 3172, ff. 49b-50a). Treatise on Surgery (Al-tasrif li-man' ajiza'an al-tal'if) of al-Zahrawi. Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi, latinised Albucasis, of Cordoba, wrote the thirty-volume Kitab al-Tasrif whose final surgical volume was illustrated with drawings of instruments.
1500 - Left Hand Prosthetic at the Art Institute of Chicago. Late 16th century left hand prosthetic (iron hand) from the George F. Harding Collection at the Art Institute of Chicago. Gotz von Berlichingen was a sixteenth century German knight whose prosthetic iron hands survive.
1500 - Unidentified object. A lead alloy unidentified object; possibly a Post Medieval decorative element from a house wall. Bonesetters were unlicensed, frequently hereditary practitioners of manipulation who persisted alongside and in competition with the medical profession into the twentieth century, and in some regions to the present.
1500 - Prosthesis, 16th century; A. Pare. Prosthesis, 16th century;. Pare. Ambroise Pare revived the ligature of arteries in amputation in place of hot cautery. He did not invent it: Galen used it and al-Zahrawi described it, and it was largely lost in medieval Europe.
1501 - Amputation knife, Europe, 1501-1600. The curved sickle shape of this amputation knife is known as falciform. Surgical instrument and appliance trade catalogues are a major and under-used visual record of what was actually made and sold, as against what was written about.
1501 - Traction apparatus, Italy, 1501-1550. Traction was a common form of treatment for bone fractures. Traction apparatus is among the oldest continuous ideas in the field, described in the Hippocratic texts and still recognisable in nineteenth century extension beds.
1501 - Amputation saw, Europe, 1501-1600. The ornate appearance of this amputation saw was not unusual for this period. Amputation saws are the emblematic instrument of pre-anaesthetic surgery.
1510 - Berlichingen Eiserne Hand 2. Iron Hand (Prosthesis) of Götz von Berlichingen, originally from c. 1510, 19th century steel engraving. Gotz von Berlichingen was a sixteenth century German knight whose prosthetic iron hands survive.
1541 - Chirurgia e Graeco in Latinum conversa, traduction en latin par Vidus Vidius - btv1b90670219 (236 of 356). Sujet : Galien, Claude (0131?-0201?) Hippocrate (0460-0377 av. The Hippocratic bench, or scamnum, was a wooden traction apparatus with windlasses.
1543 - A human skeleton, seen from the back, bent forward with his hands clasped to his skull, after Vesalius. Engraving by Benard, late 18th century, after a woodcut, 1543.. 1543.
1543 - A human skeleton, seen from the back, bent forward with his hands clasped to his skull, after Vesalius. Engraving by Benard, 1779, after a woodcut, 1543.. 1543.
1543 - A skeleton leaning on a spade. Line engraving by J. Tinney, 1743, after A. Vesalius, 1543.. A skeleton leaning on a spade. Line engraving by J. Tinney, 1743, after. Vesalius, 1543. Andreas Vesalius published De humani corporis fabrica in 1543.
1543 - A human skeleton, seen from the front, resting the bones of his left forearm on a spade handle, after Vesalius. Engraving by Benard, 1779, after a woodcut, 1543.. 1543.
1543 - A human skeleton, seen from the front, resting the bones of his left forearm on a spade handle, after Vesalius. Engraving by Benard, late 18th century, after a woodcut, 1543.. 1543.
1543 - A human skeleton, seen from the front, resting the bones of his right forearm on a spade handle, after Vesalius. Engraving 1778, after an engraving by Prevost, 1762, after a woodcut, 1543.. 1543.
1543 - A human skeleton, leaning against a tomb, after Vesalius: lateral view. Engraving by Benard, 1779, after a woodcut, 1543.. 1543.
1543 - A human skeleton, seen from the front, resting the bones of his left forearm on a spade handle, after Vesalius. Engraving 1769, after Prevost, 1762, after a woodcut, 1543.. 1543.
1543 - Vesalius, De humani corporis fabrica, 1543. Vesalius, Andreas, 1514-1564 Vesalius, De humani corporis fabrica libri septem; Basileae, 1543; EPB/D 6560/D. Page 192: skeleton leaning against a wall. Andreas Vesalius published De humani corporis fabrica in 1543.
1543 - Andreae Vesalii Bruxellensis. Anatomical work by Andreae Vesalii Bruxellensis (Vesalius). Andreas Vesalius published De humani corporis fabrica in 1543.
1546 - Artzneybuch. 1546. Surgical Instruments. Artzneybuch kostlich fur mancherley Kranchheit des gantzen Leibs. Fitted instrument cases were sold as sets, and they record what a surgeon of the period was actually equipped to do, as against what the textbooks recommended.
1552 - Ambroise Paré using the ligature when amputating on the batt. Nineteenth and early twentieth century operative atlases are heavily digitised and are literally instructional documents. They are admissible here as artefacts of their period.
1553 - Ambroise Paré using a ligature on an artery of an amputated leg of a soldier, during the Siege of Metz, 1553. Photogravure after T. Chartran, 1889.
1555 - Anatomisch theater Andreae Vesalii Bruxellensis, invictissimi Caroli V. Imperatoris medici, de Humani corporis fabrica Libri septem (titel op object) Titelpagina voor Andreas Vesalius, De humani corpo. 1555, RP-P-2016-1796. IdentificatieTitel(s): Anatomisch theater. Andreas Vesalius published De humani corporis fabrica in 1543.
1560 - Iron artificial arm, Europe, 1560-1600. The left forearm and hand of this prosthetic arm are fully articulated. Gotz von Berlichingen was a sixteenth century German knight whose prosthetic iron hands survive.
1560 - Hunting trousse, England, 1560-1580. The hunting trousse contains all the instruments needed by a hunter to dismember and prepare a deer. Surgical instrument and appliance trade catalogues are a major and under-used visual record of what was actually made and sold, as against what was written about.
1560 - Iron artificial arm, 1560-1600.. From the original description of the Science Museum London: “Artificial iron arm, once thought to have been owned by Götz von Berlichingen (1480-1562), the German knight and adventurer who served with the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V against the Turks. Gotz von Berlichingen was a sixteenth century German knight whose prosthetic iron hands survive.
1568 - A parchment-maker smoothing an animal hide on a stretcher. Woodcut by J. Amman... "Der Permennter". Evacuation as a system, rather than any single device, is arguably war's greatest contribution to this field, and it begins with Larrey's flying ambulances.
1570 - Articulated manikin, iron, used to teach bone-setting etcete. Bonesetters were unlicensed, frequently hereditary practitioners of manipulation who persisted alongside and in competition with the medical profession into the twentieth century, and in some regions to the present.
1575 - A surgeon and two assistants using pulleys and ropes to aid traction for manipulating the body of a male patient. Woodcut, 1575.
1575 - Bow frame amputation saw, Europe, 1575-1585. This amputation saw has an elaborate handle design which ends in a griffins head the griffin being a mythological creature which has the head and wings of an eagle and the body of a lion. Amputation saws are the emblematic instrument of pre-anaesthetic surgery.
1585 - Illustration of artificial limbs. Photograph of an illustration of an artifical hand and arm. State programmes to supply artificial limbs to veterans, from the American Civil War onward, are a major driver of the prosthetics industry.
1590 - Portrait of Ambroise Pare (1510 - 1590), French surgeon
1590 - Portrait of Ambroise Pare (1510 - 1590), French surgeon Wellcome V0004474EL. Portrait of Ambroise Pare [1510 - 1590], French surgeon Forestier. Ambroise Pare revived the ligature of arteries in amputation in place of hot cautery.
1597 - Illustration of surgical instruments, 1597. Woodcut illustration from Tagliacozzi, Gaspare: De curtorum chirurgia per insitionem, libri duo, Venetiis : Apud Gasparem Bindonum juniorem, 1597. Surgical instrument and appliance trade catalogues are a major and under-used visual record of what was actually made and sold, as against what was written about.
1600 - Instruments illustration, 17th century
1600 - Tashrih-e Mansuri (Mansur's Anatomy), Mansur b. Iliyas (d. 1420s), Iran, mid 17th century AD, ink and watercolor on paper - Aga Khan Museum - Toronto, Canada. Exhibit in the Aga Khan Museum - Toronto, Canada. The Tashrih-i Mansuri, the anatomy of Mansur ibn Ilyas, is a Persian illustrated anatomical treatise of the late fourteenth century whose full-page skeletal and vascular figures were copied for centuries.
1617 - Catalogue of the Society of Apothecaries, London : who have been examined, and are by act of Parliament exempted from all Parish, Ward and Leet offices, and from serving on juries : incorporated 1617. .. / Frederick Kanmacher. List of members (mostly in London), dated 28 September 1809. Long wards of children in frames are the characteristic institutional image of orthopedics for the first two thirds of the twentieth century, when the caseload was polio and skeletal tuberculosis.
1632 - A man in ragged clothes walking with two crutches and a wooden leg. Etching by Jan Georg van der Vliet, c. 1632.
1632 - Spiegel: Tabulae anatomicae LXXXIIX, 1632: title page. Spiegel: Tabulae anatomicae LXXXIIX, 1632: title page. Engraving featuring illustration's related to Vesalius' De Fabrica, 1543 published as the title page to Spiegel, Adriaan van: De humani corporis fabrica libri decem, also known as Tabulae anatomicae LXXXIIX, Francofurti : Impensis & Caelo Matthaei Meriani, 1632. Andreas Vesalius published De humani corporis fabrica in 1543.
1639 - Set of trephination Instruments, including the trephine designed by John Woodall. Engraving published in Woodall, John: The surgeons mate or military and domestique surgery, London : Printed by Rob. Trepanation, the cutting of an opening in the skull, is among the oldest operations for which there is physical evidence, and trepanned skulls with healed margins survive in museum collections worldwide, showing that people lived afterwards.
1639 - Woodall: The Surgeon's mate, 1639: title page. Woodall: The Surgeon's mate, 1639: title page. Title page to Woodall, John: The surgeons mate or military and domestique surgery, London : Printed by Rob. Nineteenth and early twentieth century operative atlases are heavily digitised and are literally instructional documents.
1640 - Portrait of Giovanni Girolamo Bronziero (Bronzerius), 1640. Bronzerius practised medicine in various cities within Venetian territories, ending in Belluno, where he died. Galen, physician to gladiators at Pergamon before moving to Rome, interpreted and transmitted the Hippocratic material.
1644 - Chinese C18 woodcut: 'Traction rope and piled bricks'. Early 18th-century Chinese woodcut illustrating the use of the 'traction rope and piled bricks' (pansuo diezhuang) method, from Yizong jinjian: Zhenggu xinfa (The Golden Mirror Of Medicine: Essential Knowledge and Secrets of Bonesetting Manipulations). Bonesetters were unlicensed, frequently hereditary practitioners of manipulation who persisted alongside and in competition with the medical profession into the twentieth century, and in some regions to the present.
1644 - Chinese C18 woodcut: Tongmu splint. Early 18th-century Chinese woodcut illustrating the tongmu splint, used for fractures, from Yizong jinjian: Zhenggu xinfa (The Golden Mirror Of Medicine: Essential Knowledge and Secrets of Bonesetting Manipulations). Bonesetters were unlicensed, frequently hereditary practitioners of manipulation who persisted alongside and in competition with the medical profession into the twentieth century, and in some regions to the present.
1645 - Edinburgh, Greyfriars churchyard: the tomb of James Borthwick of Stow, carved with a skeleton and surgical instruments. Photograph, 19--.
1650 - Bow-frame amputation saw, Europe, c.1650. Amputation saws are the emblematic instrument of pre-anaesthetic surgery. Before anaesthesia an amputation was measured in seconds, so speed governed technique, and the instrument was built for it.
1650 - ACM-Tashrih-i Mansuri (Mansur's Anatomy)-03636. Tashrih-i Mansuri (Mansur's Anatomy). The Tashrih-i Mansuri, the anatomy of Mansur ibn Ilyas, is a Persian illustrated anatomical treatise of the late fourteenth century whose full-page skeletal and vascular figures were copied for centuries.
1656 - Orthopaedic apparatus for the whole human body: posterior view. Engraving by G. Georgi, 1656.
1656 - Orthopaedic apparatus for the whole human body: anterior view. Engraving by G. Georgi, 1656.
1656 - Surgical instruments. Engraving by G. Georgi, 1656.. 1641, at the pages indicated on the engraving. Surgical instrument and appliance trade catalogues are a major and under-used visual record of what was actually made and sold, as against what was written about.
1657 - Portrait of William Harvey [1578 - 1657], surgeon. Priority disputes are the norm in this history rather than the exception, and the name taught as first frequently differs by country.
1665 - Thomas Brugis: his portrait, with vignettes of the work and equipment of the surgeon and apothecary. Line engraving by T. Cross.
1672 - An anatomy theatre with statues of the anatomists Vesalius and Spigelius; a corpse on a table in the background. Engraving, 1672.. 's book De humani corporis fabrica. Andreas Vesalius published De humani corporis fabrica in 1543.
1675 - The Hospital of Bethlem [Bedlam] at Moorfields, London: seen from the north, with ladies and gentlemen walking in the foreground, one giving money to a lame man. Engraving by W. H. Toms.. 1675-1676 in Moorfields, London. Open-air schools, convalescent hospitals, seaside and mountain institutions and long wards of children in frames are social history as much as medical history.
1679 - Anatomy of the principal parts of the human body. Engraving by J. Blanchin after J. Dumoulin, 1679.. (the latter cropped mid-thigh). Andreas Vesalius published De humani corporis fabrica in 1543.
1698 - Surgical instruments, including lancets, saws and forceps, made by Isaac Grenier; advertising his goods for sale. Etching by H. Neutte [?], 1698.
1701 - Amputation knife, Germany, 1701-1800. The curved shape of this amputation knife was common in the early 1700s. Surgical instrument and appliance trade catalogues are a major and under-used visual record of what was actually made and sold, as against what was written about.
1701 - Amputation knife, Paris, France, 1701-1800. Made from steel with an ebony handle, this surgical knife was used for amputations. Surgical instrument and appliance trade catalogues are a major and under-used visual record of what was actually made and sold, as against what was written about.
1714 - Illustration of surgical instruments. (1714-1788) "Lectures on the Practice of Surgery" Surgical lectures. Orthopedic surgery is consistently reported as the least gender-diverse of the major surgical specialties in the United States and United Kingdom.
1714 - Illustration of Lectures on the Practice of Surgery. Pott, Percival (1714-1788) "Lectures on the Practice of Surgery" Surgical lectures. Orthopedic surgery is consistently reported as the least gender-diverse of the major surgical specialties in the United States and United Kingdom.
1728 - Anatomical chart, Cyclopaedia, 1728, volume 1, between pages 84 and 85. Anatomical atlases established the normal against which skeletal deformity was defined, and the great ones were as much publishing achievements as medical ones.
1731 - A surgeon and his assistant operating on a patient's head and using a drill to perform the trephination. Engraving, 1731.
1732 - Surgical instruments, including lancets, saws and forceps; advertising the work of the surgical instrument-maker J. Songy. Etching, 1732.
1733 - Illustration of a human skeleton in a kneeling posture, 1733. Illustration published in Cheselden, William: Osteographia, or the anatomy of the bones, London, 1733. William Cheselden published Osteographia, an atlas of the human skeleton.
1733 - Illustration of the spine from Cheselden, Osteographia, 1733. Illustration of the spine from Cheselden, Osteographia, 1733. Plate 13 from Cheselden, William: Osteographia, or the anatomy of the bones, London, 1733. William Cheselden published Osteographia, an atlas of the human skeleton.
1733 - Osteographia, or the anatomy of the bones Fleuron N055711-38. Fleuron from book: Osteographia, or the anatomy of the bones. William Cheselden published Osteographia, an atlas of the human skeleton.
1736 - Summer - Nan West Mural - RNOH - Bolsover St East Marylebone. The new outpatient department of the Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital in Bolsover Street, central London was opened In 1927. Open-air schools, convalescent hospitals, seaside and mountain institutions and long wards of children in frames are social history as much as medical history.
1739 - Cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. Engraving after G. de Lairesse, 1739.. 1-2 are of the first cervical vertebra, the atlas, seen from below and above. Osteological atlases and articulated skeletons are the reference against which every deformity and fracture in this archive was read.
1739 - The scapula (figures 1-2) and the clavicle (figures 3-4) and the sternum seen from the front (figure 5). Engraving after G. de Lairesse, 1739.
1739 - John Cargill: surgical Instrument maker's trade-card / M0015854: John Chasson: surgical instruments maker's trade-card. Two images on one negative: the John Cargill trade card is from 1739. Surgical instrument and appliance trade catalogues are a major and under-used visual record of what was actually made and sold, as against what was written about.
1739 - A suspended lower arm from which the skin and fatty layer has been removed to reveal the muscles. Next to it is a knife and a surgical instrument case with its lid. Engraving after G. de Lairesse, 173. 9. Fitted instrument cases were sold as sets, and they record what a surgeon of the period was actually equipped to do, as against what the textbooks recommended.
1739 - The bones of the arm. Engraving after G. de Lairesse, 1739.. (figures 1-2), the ulna (figures 3-4), and the radius (figures 5-6). Osteological atlases and articulated skeletons are the reference against which every deformity and fracture in this archive was read.
1740 - Surgical instruments: 37 figures, including needles of various shapes and sizes. Engraving with etching by George Bickham, 1740/1760?.
1741 - Portrait of Nicolas Andre (Andry). ). Nicolas Andry de Bois-Regard built the word orthopaedics from Greek orthos, straight, and paidion, child, in L'orthopedie of 1741.
1743 - The crooked tree plate from Nicolas Andry, Orthopaedia, 1743. The plate of a crooked young tree tied to a straight stake, engraved by James Hulett for the 1743 English edition of Nicolas Andry's Orthopaedia. The image was later adopted as the emblem of orthopedic societies worldwide, including the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. It is an analogy about a gardener staking a sapling, not a picture of a device, and the version in modern society logos is a redrawn one rather than Andry's plate.
1743 - Orthopaedia: or, the Art of Correcting and Preventing Deformities in Children, title page, London, 1743. Title page of the first English edition of Nicolas Andry's Orthopaedia, printed. Millar in London in 1743, two years after the French L'orthopedie. The title page states the book's audience plainly: means as may easily be put in practice by parents themselves. Andry built the word orthopaedics from Greek orthos, straight, and paidion, child, and he was a physician who fought publicly against the surgeons of his day, so the word names a field of child-rearing rather than of surgery.
1743 - A human skeleton, seen from the back, resting the bones of its right forearm on a spade handle, after Vesalius. Etching by I. Basire, 1743.. 1543.
1743 - Orthopædia- or Fleuron T088365-6. Fleuron from book: Orthopædia: or, the art of correcting and preventing deformities in children: By such Means, as may easily be put in Practice by Parents themselves, and all such as are employed in Educating Children. Nicolas Andry de Bois-Regard built the word orthopaedics from Greek orthos, straight, and paidion, child, in L'orthopedie of 1741.
1743 - Straightening the crooked trunk of a young tree, from Andry's Orthopaedia. A second impression of the crooked-tree plate from Andry's Orthopaedia of 1743. Andry built the word orthopaedics from Greek orthos, straight, and paidion, child, and addressed the book to parents rather than to surgeons. He was a physician who fought publicly against the surgeons of his day, which is a genuine irony given that the specialty carrying his coinage became a surgical one.
1747 - Ange-Bernard Imbert-Delonnes. Orthopedic surgery is consistently reported as the least gender-diverse of the major surgical specialties in the United States and United Kingdom. Nursing, plaster technicians, brace makers, limb fitters and physiotherapists were overwhelmingly where women actually worked in this field.
1749 - Amputation instruments: a saw and curved knife, 1749. Illustration published in Le Dran, Henry-Francois: The operations in surgery of Mons. Amputation saws are the emblematic instrument of pre-anaesthetic surgery.
1749 - A rachitic skeleton, measuring two feet two inches in length, seen from the front and the back. Engraving, 1749.. "intendant" of the Jardin du Roi in 1736 and his Histoire naturelle has, as its base, his descriptive catalogue of the specimens of the "cabinet du roi". Rickets, nutritional vitamin D deficiency causing bone deformity, was historically associated with industrial cities, smoke and lack of sunlight and was known in Britain as the English disease.
1749 - An ankylosis of the bones of the fractured right femur (thigh-bone) and tibia (lower leg bone) (figs 1-2) and the radius and ulna (bones of the forearm) joined by a flexible callus (figs 3-4) Engravin. 1749. Splinting and bandaging to immobilise a fracture is attested for at least three thousand years, in Egyptian, Greek, Indian and Chinese practice alike, long before the word orthopaedics existed.
1749 - A false ankylosis of the right femur (thigh-bone), seen from the front and back (figs 1-2) and divided for an interior view (fig. 3) Engraving, 1749.. 1-2 show the same example in two views, as do figures 4-5. Pathological bone specimens in museum collections are the physical record of conditions that antibiotics and vaccines later made rare in wealthy countries.
1749 - Five figures of exostoses (tumours) on the left femur (thigh-bone) Engraving, 1749.. 1-2 show the same example in two views, as do figures 4-5. Pathological bone specimens in museum collections are the physical record of conditions that antibiotics and vaccines later made rare in wealthy countries.
1750 - A case of amputation instruments, circa 1750 - 1800.
1755 - St Luke's Hospital, Cripplegate, London, with a map of Cripplegate Ward and the armorial device of John Blachford. Engraving by B. Cole, 1755.
1769 - Orthopedic traction, the Archimedes screw and astronomical instruments: seven figures. Etching, 1769.
1770 - Kreupele bedelaar, RP-P-OB-46.566. Bonesetters were unlicensed, frequently hereditary practitioners of manipulation who persisted alongside and in competition with the medical profession into the twentieth century, and in some regions to the present.
1770 - Man op stoel met wieltjes voortgetrokken, RP-P-OB-46.571. Bonesetters were unlicensed, frequently hereditary practitioners of manipulation who persisted alongside and in competition with the medical profession into the twentieth century, and in some regions to the present.
1770 - Kreupele man in driewielig karretje, RP-P-OB-46.569. Bonesetters were unlicensed, frequently hereditary practitioners of manipulation who persisted alongside and in competition with the medical profession into the twentieth century, and in some regions to the present.
1772 - Richard Smith junior (1772-1843), surgeon to the Bristol Royal Infirmary 1796-1843. Oil painting by John Hazlitt, 1824.
1775 - The chirurgical works of Percivall Pott, F.R.S. and surgeon to St. Bartholomew's Hospital. Fleuron T055014-51. Fleuron from book: The chirurgical works of Percivall Pott, F.R.S. and surgeon to St. Bartholomew's Hospital. Percivall Pott described tuberculosis of the spine, which carries his name, in 1779.
1776 - Plain concise practical remarks, on the treatment of wounds and fractures; to which is added, an appendix, on camp and military hospitals; principally designed for the use of young military and naval. / By John Jones. War has repeatedly acted as an accelerator and a systematiser of orthopedic practice and a builder of institutions, but the science that made those advances possible was overwhelmingly civilian.
1778 - Death as a winged skeleton riding into battle. Etching by J. Gamelin after himself, 1778.
1778 - Allegorische vrouwenfiguur, in triomfwagen, RP-T-1904-10. Bonesetters were unlicensed, frequently hereditary practitioners of manipulation who persisted alongside and in competition with the medical profession into the twentieth century, and in some regions to the present.
1779 - The chirurgical works of Percivall Pott, F Fleuron T055015-3. Fleuron from book: The chirurgical works of Percivall Pott, F.R.S. and surgeon to St. Bartholomew's Hospital. Percivall Pott described tuberculosis of the spine, which carries his name, in 1779.
1780 - Petit-type tourniquet, Europe, 1780-1805. The tourniquet is used to apply pressure to stop heavy bleeding, especially during amputations. Splinting and bandaging to immobilise a fracture is attested for at least three thousand years, in Egyptian, Greek, Indian and Chinese practice alike, long before the word orthopaedics existed.
1780 - Benjamin Bell-type metacarpal amputation saw, Europe, 1780-1. Benjamin Bell, an influential Scottish surgeon (1749-1806), introduced a number of modifications to surgical instruments during his career. Amputation saws are the emblematic instrument of pre-anaesthetic surgery.
1784 - The name "H. Cline"; the outline of a femur; and studs. Relief etchings by Henry Cline, 1784/1811.. "H. Cline", the outline of a femur, and studs. Anatomical atlases established the normal against which skeletal deformity was defined, and the great ones were as much publishing achievements as medical ones.
1786 - Bandages and splints, from Bertrandi: Opere, 1786. Bandages and splints, from Bertrandi: Opere, 1786. Woodcut illustration from Bertrandi, Giovanni Ambrogio Maria: Opere, di Ambrogio Bertrandi, volume I, Torino : Fratelli Reycends, 1786-1802. Splinting and bandaging to immobilise a fracture is attested for at least three thousand years, in Egyptian, Greek, Indian and Chinese practice alike, long before the word orthopaedics existed.
1786 - Bandages, from Bertrandi: Opere, 1786. Bandages, from Bertrandi: Opere, 1786. Woodcut illustration from Bertrandi, Giovanni Ambrogio Maria: Opere, di Ambrogio Bertrandi, volume I, Torino : Fratelli Reycends, 1786-1802. Splinting and bandaging to immobilise a fracture is attested for at least three thousand years, in Egyptian, Greek, Indian and Chinese practice alike, long before the word orthopaedics existed.
1786 - Instruments for trephination, from Bertrandi: Opere, 1786. Instruments for trephination, from Bertrandi: Opere, 1786. Illustration from Bertrandi, Giovanni Ambrogio Maria: Opere, di Ambrogio Bertrandi, Torino : Fratelli Reycends, 1786-1802. Trepanation, the cutting of an opening in the skull, is among the oldest operations for which there is physical evidence, and trepanned skulls with healed margins survive in museum collections worldwide, showing that people lived afterwards.
1787 - A woman doctor bandaging a young woman's hand. Mezzotint, 1787.
1793 - Case of surgical instruments by Evans, 1793. Used by Thomas Major, naval Surgeon.
1796 - Standing skeleton, seen from the side, resting right elbow on a pedestal, with left hand resting on a skull. Pen and ink wash drawing by J. Mallcott after A. Vesalius, 1796.. Standing skeleton, seen from the side, resting right elbow on a pedestal, with left hand resting on a skull. Pen and ink wash drawing by J. Mallcott after. Vesalius, 1796. Andreas Vesalius published De humani corporis fabrica in 1543.
1797 - Nelson's spy-glass and tourniquet. 1797. Surgical instrument and appliance trade catalogues are a major and under-used visual record of what was actually made and sold, as against what was written about.
1799 - Procession with seated figure carried on a stretcher, with snakes, Calcutta, West Bengal. Coloured etching by François Balthazar Solvyns, 1799.. 's greatest contribution to this field, and it begins with Larrey's flying ambulances.
1799 - Guy's Hospital, Southwark: the entrance courtyard, with a patient being carried in on a stretcher. Engraving by W. Woolnoth, 1799, after J. Elmes.. 's greatest contribution to this field, and it begins with Larrey's flying ambulances.
1799 - Guy's Hospital, Southwark: the entrance courtyard, with a patient being carried in on a stretcher. Coloured engraving by W., 1799, after J.. 's greatest contribution to this field, and it begins with Larrey's flying ambulances.
1800 - Ambroise Paré, on the battlefield using a ligature for the artery of an amputated leg of a soldier. Wood engraving by Charles Maurand after E. Morin.
1801 - A compendium of the anatomy of the human body - intended principally for the use of students (1801). Plate from A compendium of the anatomy of the human body : intended principally for the use of students, 1801 by Fyfe, Andrew (Edinburgh : Printed by J. Pillans & sons, and sold. Gut). Anatomical atlases established the normal against which skeletal deformity was defined, and the great ones were as much publishing achievements as medical ones.
1802 - Illustration of surgical instruments, from Bertrandi: Trattato delle Operazioni di Chirurgia, 1802. Illustration of surgical instruments, from Bertrandi: Trattato delle Operazioni di Chirurgia, 1802. Title page to Bertrandi, Giovanni Ambrogio Maria: Opere, di Ambrogio Bertrandi, volume I, Torino : Fratelli Reycends, 1786-1802. Surgical instrument and appliance trade catalogues are a major and under-used visual record of what was actually made and sold, as against what was written about.
1803 - Surgical instruments: tourniquets and amputating instruments. Engraving by Wilson Lowry, 1803.
1806 - A soldier with one arm debates with a sailor with a wooden leg the merits of the army and the navy. Reproduction of an etching by I. & G. Cruikshank, 1806.
1806 - Splints for fractures, used by Navy, c. 1806. Illustration showing the splints commonly used in fractures of the extremities (arms and legs), and which were ordered by the Government in the list of Naval instruments. Splinting and bandaging to immobilise a fracture is attested for at least three thousand years, in Egyptian, Greek, Indian and Chinese practice alike, long before the word orthopaedics existed.
1809 - Interior of the women's ward at St Luke's Hospital, Cripplegate, London. Coloured aquatint by J.C. Stadler after A.C. Pugin and T. Rowlandson, 1809, of the interior of the women's ward, with many inmates and a member of staff, at St Luke's Hospital, Cripplegate, London. Long wards of children in frames are the characteristic institutional image of orthopedics for the first two thirds of the twentieth century, when the caseload was polio and skeletal tuberculosis.
1810 - M.I.Pyrogov Statue Kirovograd St.Elisavet's Fortress (YDS 4229). The bust of N.I. Pirogov at the territory of military hospital established in the years of 1900-1910 within Saint Elizabeth fortress in Elisavetgrad (now Kirovograd, regional centre in Ukraine). Nikolai Pirogov used plaster casts, triage and women nurses on the Russian side in the Crimean War.
1810 - M.I.Pyrogov Statue Pavlograd City's hospital (YDS 7796). The statue of N.I. Pirogov near the central city hospital in Pavlograd, industrial city of oblast significance in Dnipropetrovsk region of Ukraine. Nikolai Pirogov used plaster casts, triage and women nurses on the Russian side in the Crimean War.
1810 - Surgical instruments, including an amputating saw, an amputating knife, scalpels and bone nippers. Engraving by Wilson Lowry, 1810.
1810 - Surgical instruments, including scalpels and catheters. Engraving by Wilson Lowry, 1810.
1811 - Abnormal heads and skulls, fractured and bandaged clavicle and a broken (?) leg bandaged in a splint. Engraving by W. Lowry, 1811, after J. Farey, the younger.
1812 - Surgical instruments, including Dr. Hulme's truss. Engraving by Wilson Lowry after J. Farey jun., 1812.
1812 - Surgical instruments for the extraction of cataracts. Engraving by W. Lowry after J. Farey jun., 1812.
1813 - Surgical instruments for trepanning, including a tripod elevator. Engraving by Wilson Lowry, 1813.
1814 - Surgical instruments for the extraction of cataracts. Engraving by W. Lowry after J. Farey jun., 1814.
1815 - A man with an artificial arm selling live haddock from a basket he suspends from the hook on his left shoulder. Etching by J.T. Smith, 1815.
1816 - An itinerant salesman with artificial arms selling the bootlaces that hang from the hooks of his hands. Etching by J.T. Smith, 1816.
1818 - Chinese woodcut; Bone-setting devices. Woodcut fromShangke buyao(Supplement to Traumatology) by Qian Xiuchang, published in 1818 (23rd year of the Jiaqing reign period of the Qing dynasty). Bonesetters were unlicensed, frequently hereditary practitioners of manipulation who persisted alongside and in competition with the medical profession into the twentieth century, and in some regions to the present.
1818 - Chinese woodcut; Fixation appliance for injured kneecap. Woodcut fromShangke buyao(Supplement to Traumatology) by Qian Xiuchang, published in 1818 (23rd year of the Jiaqing reign period of the Qing dynasty), showing an appliance for setting and fixing injured kneecaps. Bone-setting emerged as a specialised skill in China roughly three thousand years ago, wound physicians are attested from the Zhou dynasty, and die-da is the Chinese bone-setting and traumatology tradition, historically linked with martial arts communities.
1818 - An old sailor with wooden leg relates his adventures to a family as both men smoke and drink. Reproduction of an etching by G. Cruikshank, 1818, after J. Sheringham.
1818 - Chinese woodcut: Lumbar fixation splint. Woodcut from Shangke buyao (Supplement to Traumatology) by Qian Xiuchang, published in 1818 (23rd year of the Jiaqing reign period of the Qing dynasty). Bone-setting emerged as a specialised skill in China roughly three thousand years ago, wound physicians are attested from the Zhou dynasty, and die-da is the Chinese bone-setting and traumatology tradition, historically linked with martial arts communities.
1818 - Chinese C19 woodcut: Forensic chart of the skeleton (front). Woodcut showing frontal view of skeleton from Shangke buyao (Supplement to Traumatology) by Qian Xiuchang, published in 1818 (23rd year of the Jiaqing reign period of the Qing dynasty). Osteological atlases and articulated skeletons are the reference against which every deformity and fracture in this archive was read.
1818 - Chinese C19 woodcut: Forensic chart of the skeleton (back). Forensic chart of the skeleton from Shangke buyao (Supplement to Traumatology) by Qian Xiuchang, published in 1818 (23rd year of the Jiaqing reign period of the Qing dynasty). Osteological atlases and articulated skeletons are the reference against which every deformity and fracture in this archive was read.
1823 - Petit-type tourniquet, London, England, 1823-1829. The tourniquet is used to apply pressure to stop heavy bleeding, especially during amputations. Splinting and bandaging to immobilise a fracture is attested for at least three thousand years, in Egyptian, Greek, Indian and Chinese practice alike, long before the word orthopaedics existed.
1825 - Portret van Dominique-Jean Larrey, RP-P-1909-1306. Dominique Jean Larrey created the ambulances volantes, horse-drawn units to bring casualties off the field rapidly, and is associated with the origins of triage, sorting by need rather than rank.
1827 - Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister (1827-1912) surgeon. Portrait of The Right Honourable Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister [1827 1912], British surgeon. Joseph Lister published his method in The Lancet in 1867, arguing it through compound fracture, which is an orthopedic problem.
1827 - Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister (1827-1912) surgeon Wellcome V0003615ER. Portrait of The Right Honourable Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister [1827 1912], British surgeon. Joseph Lister published his method in The Lancet in 1867, arguing it through compound fracture, which is an orthopedic problem.
1827 - Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister (1827-1912) surgeon Wellcome V0003615EL. Portrait of The Right Honourable Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister [1827 1912], British surgeon. Joseph Lister published his method in The Lancet in 1867, arguing it through compound fracture, which is an orthopedic problem.
1829 - Old St. Thomas's Hospital: a cadaver, a skull, bones of the lower leg and foot, and two bell-jars on stands. Engraving by A. R. Freebairn after a medallion by W. Wyon, 1829.. Old St. Thomas's Hospital: a cadaver, a skull, bones of the lower leg and foot, and two bell-jars on stands. Engraving. R. Freebairn after a medallion by W. Wyon, 1829. This print is an anaglyptograph after the reverse of the Cheselden Medal, awarded at St. Thomas's Hospital Medical School for distinction in practical examination in surgery and surgical anatomy. William Cheselden published Osteographia, an atlas of the human skeleton.
1829 - The anatomy of the bones of the human body; represented in a series of engravings, copied from the elegent tables of Sue and Albinus / By Edward Mitchell, engraver... With explanatory references,
1830 - Advertisment for a thigh splint: two figures, including an illustration showing the splint in place on a bandaged limb. Engraving with etching, 1830/1860?.
1831 - Patient being carried to Boston General hospital on a stretcher. Coloured line engraving by Fenner Sears & Co., 1831, after R. Goodarce.. 's greatest contribution to this field, and it begins with Larrey's flying ambulances.
1831 - Clubfoot and the operation to cure the condition. Coloured lithograph by N.H. Jacob.
1835 - Illustration of a carriage allowing someone on an orthopaedic appliance to bathe in the sea, 1835. Illustration published in Heine, Johann Georg: Physiologie de l'effet des bains sur l'organisme vital de l'homme, La Haye : A.P. van Langenhuysen, 1835. Corsets, spinal jackets and mechanical apparatus proliferated across Europe from the late eighteenth century as orthopedic institutes multiplied.
1841 - The circulatory system: dissections of the knee joint, with arteries and veins indicated in red and blue. Coloured lithograph by J. Maclise, 1841/1844.
1845 - Professeur Roentgen (inventeur des rayons X, CNews) - btv1b53099422b. Sujet : Röntgen, Wilhelm Conrad (1845-1923) -- Portraits -- 1914-1945 Référence bibliographique : Rol, 81323 Appartient à l’ensemble documentaire : Pho20Rol Image de presse Couverture :.. Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen observed the effect on 8 November 1895 at Wurzburg.
1848 - An episode in the novel Old London Bridge by G.H. Rodwell: an attack by robbers on a cottage on Putney Heath, London, is resisted with gunfire by two of the occupants, Edward Osborne and The Cripple o. 1848. Long wards of children in frames are the characteristic institutional image of orthopedics for the first two thirds of the twentieth century, when the caseload was polio and skeletal tuberculosis.
1850 - Aritificial peg leg, Europe, 1850-1900. Made from painted black wood with leather straps which attached to the waist, this artificial limb was made for someone whose leg had been amputated above the knee. Crutches, calipers and walking supports are the everyday apparatus of orthopedic care and are far more numerous in the visual record than any operation.
1852 - 8th Xhosa War: British soldiers bearing a wounded man on a stretcher and supplies through jungle. Lithograph, ca. 1852.. 's greatest contribution to this field, and it begins with Larrey's flying ambulances.
1852 - Spinal disease and spinal curvature : their treatment by suspension and the use of the plaster of Paris bandage / by Lewis A. Sayre.. Spinal disease and spinal curvature : their treatment by suspension and the use of the plaster of Paris bandage / by Lewis. Sayre. Priority for the plaster of Paris bandage is contested and taught differently by country. Antonius Mathijsen, a Dutch army surgeon, published his in 1852, and Nikolai Pirogov used plaster in military surgery in the Crimean War.
1855 - Socket leg and artificial leg below the knee. Bigg, Henry Heather H.H. Bigg, On artificial limbs: their construction and application; London: John Churchill, 1855. State programmes to supply artificial limbs to veterans, from the American Civil War onward, are a major driver of the prosthetics industry.
1855 - Adams-type orthopaedic saw, Liverpool, England, 1855-1928. William Adams (1820-1900), an English surgeon, invented this type of saw for his new procedure, called periosteotomy. Surgical instrument and appliance trade catalogues are a major and under-used visual record of what was actually made and sold, as against what was written about.
1857 - Specification of Henry Wilms : artificial limbs.. "an artificial leg, arm, and hand, on an improved construction". State programmes to supply artificial limbs to veterans, from the American Civil War onward, are a major driver of the prosthetics industry.
1858 - Nightingale-mortality. Example of polar area diagram by Florence Nightingale (1820-1910). Florence Nightingale brought sanitation and statistics to military medicine in the Crimean War, including her polar area diagrams.
1858 - (Covers to) England and Her Soldiers.. Zoomable full resolution image available at davidrumsey.com.This image 10563.001 is a part of image group 10563.000."Florence Nightingale worked closely with medical statistician William Farr to create a series of analytic arguments for better sanitation in the British Army.
1858 - Diagram of the Causes of Mortality in the Army in the East.. Zoomable full resolution image available at davidrumsey.com.This image 10563.002 is a part of image group 10563.000.Colored."Florence Nightingale worked closely with medical statistician William Farr to create a series of analytic arguments for better sanitation in the British Army.
1858 - Diagram Representing the Mortality in the Hospitals.. Zoomable full resolution image available at davidrumsey.com.This image 10563.004 is a part of image group 10563.000.Black and White."Florence Nightingale worked closely with medical statistician William Farr to create a series of analytic arguments for better sanitation in the British Army.
1858 - (Title page to) England and Her Soldiers.. Zoomable full resolution image available at davidrumsey.com.This image 10563.003 is a part of image group 10563.000."Florence Nightingale worked closely with medical statistician William Farr to create a series of analytic arguments for better sanitation in the British Army.
1859 - Florence Nightingale with Charles Holte Bracebridge and Selina Bracebridge in a Turkish street. Oil painting by Jerry Barrett, 1859.. 1854. Florence Nightingale brought sanitation and statistics to military medicine in the Crimean War, including her polar area diagrams.
1859 - Bust of Florence Nightingale by John Steell, National Portrait Gallery, London 03. Bronze bust of Florence Nightingale by John Steell, National Portrait Gallery, London, cast in 1859-62 by Alessandro Parlanti from Steell's original marble portrait bust. Florence Nightingale brought sanitation and statistics to military medicine in the Crimean War, including her polar area diagrams.
1859 - Florence Nightingale by Sir John Robert Steell. Circa 1859-62 bronze bust of Florence Nightingale by Sir John Robert Steell (cast by Alessandro Parlanti), on display in the National Portrait Gallery, London. Florence Nightingale brought sanitation and statistics to military medicine in the Crimean War, including her polar area diagrams.
1860 - Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Afb ANWC00389000001. Beschrijving Portret van E. Jansen, wonende Laurierstraat 24, in de Schelvisgang Opschrift: 'E. Jansen. The Cairo or Greville Chester toe, an artificial big toe of wood and leather from ancient Egypt, is generally cited as among the earliest known functional prostheses.
1861 - GANGRENE; Hospital gangrene of an arm stump. Hospital gangrene of an arm stump, taken from the book The medical and surgical history of the war of the rebellion, (1861-65) / Prepared, in accordance with the acts of Congress, under the direction of Surgeon General, Joseph K. Barnes, United States Army, plate XV. The Army Medical Museum was founded in 1862 and the resulting Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion, published 1870 to 1888, is one of the great medical documentation projects.
1861 - Pvt. Lewis Francis (SP 113), National Museum of Health and Medicine. The Army Medical Museum was founded in 1862 and the resulting Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion, published 1870 to 1888, is one of the great medical documentation projects. It is the origin of the Otis Historical Archives collection.
1861 - Amputation Knife - DPLA - d3d170f75b7fb07594cd4344b9754a39. This item is an amputation knife that was used by surgeons during the Civil War. The Army Medical Museum was founded in 1862 and the resulting Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion, published 1870 to 1888, is one of the great medical documentation projects.
1861 - Amputation Knife - DPLA - eaf43cb89cb619735cd107a4022b7207 (page 2). This item is an amputation knife that was used by surgeons during the Civil War. The Army Medical Museum was founded in 1862 and the resulting Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion, published 1870 to 1888, is one of the great medical documentation projects.
1861 - Abulcassis Instruments01. Surgical instruments Abulcasis. Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi, latinised Albucasis, of Cordoba, wrote the thirty-volume Kitab al-Tasrif whose final surgical volume was illustrated with drawings of instruments.
1862 - Fracture of the fibula bone: anterior and posterior views. Line block print after R.W. Smith, 1862.
1862 - Fractures of the radius and ulna bones, anterior and posterior views. Line block print after R.W. Smith, 1862.
1862 - W.T. Evans (SP 334), National Museum of Health and Medicine. The Army Medical Museum was founded in 1862 and the resulting Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion, published 1870 to 1888, is one of the great medical documentation projects. It is the origin of the Otis Historical Archives collection.
1863 - Illustration of artificial limbs and crutches, 1863. Illustration published in John Weiss & Son: A catalogue of surgical instruments, apparatus, appliances, etc., London : M.S. Rickerby, printer, 1863. Crutches, calipers and walking supports are the everyday apparatus of orthopedic care and are far more numerous in the visual record than any operation.
1863 - Letter from William Parker Johnson to William Blackstone(?), January 8, 1863, and reply, January 19, 1863 - DPLA - d742f3618443966a619b2f314ef83f82 (page 3). William Blackstone was William Parker Johnson's father-in-law. War has repeatedly acted as an accelerator and a systematiser of orthopedic practice and a builder of institutions, but the science that made those advances possible was overwhelmingly civilian.
1863 - Cpl. Charles N. Lapham (SP 155), National Museum of Health and Medicine. The Army Medical Museum was founded in 1862 and the resulting Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion, published 1870 to 1888, is one of the great medical documentation projects. It is the origin of the Otis Historical Archives collection.
1863 - Letter from William Parker Johnson to William Blackstone, March 8, 1863f58c67b6dc78e837679223e80b7a2 (page 1). William Blackstone is inferred to the be receipient of this letter though he was actually William Park Johnson's father-in-law. War has repeatedly acted as an accelerator and a systematiser of orthopedic practice and a builder of institutions, but the science that made those advances possible was overwhelmingly civilian.
1863 - Rontgen-Schalkwijkstraat. Wall art by the house where Wilhelm Konrad Röntgen, the inventor of X-rays, lived in from 1863 until 1865 in the Schalkwijkstraat in Utrecht. Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen observed the effect on 8 November 1895 at Wurzburg.
1864 - Pvt. Henry Ewell (CP 1172), National Museum of Health and Medicine. The McKee-Farrar prosthesis, metal on metal, launched in 1961. It suffered high rates of aseptic loosening and fell from favour once metal on polyethylene appeared.
1864 - The history of the Civil War in America - comprising a full and impartial account of the origin and progress of the rebellion, of the various naval and military engagements, of the heroic deeds (14782. The history of the Civil War in America - comprising a full and impartial account of the origin and progress of the rebellion, of the various naval and military engagements, of the heroic deeds. The Army Medical Museum was founded in 1862 and the resulting Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion, published 1870 to 1888, is one of the great medical documentation projects.
1864 - Pvt. Julius Fabry (SCDV 05684A), National Museum of Health and Medicine. Pathological bone specimens in museum collections are the physical record of conditions that antibiotics and vaccines later made rare in wealthy countries.
1865 - Photographs of surgical cases and specimens (1865). A collection of foreign bodies retrieved from the bladder, including stones with foreign bodies as nuclei, all formed as a result of gunshot wounds: Left upper: stone formed around a bullet lodged in the bladder, which then healed Middle upper: half of a urinary calculus formed after gunshot wound to... Pathological bone specimens in museum collections are the physical record of conditions that antibiotics and vaccines later made rare in wealthy countries.
1867 - Case of surgical instruments used by Joseph Lister. Photograph of an open case of surgical instruments used by Joseph Lister. Joseph Lister published his method in The Lancet in 1867, arguing it through compound fracture, which is an orthopedic problem.
1867 - Surgical instruments used by Joseph Lister. Photograph of six surgical instruments used by Joseph Lister. Joseph Lister published his method in The Lancet in 1867, arguing it through compound fracture, which is an orthopedic problem.
1869 - Alfred A. Stratton. Alfred. Stratton. Alfred. Stratton lost both his arms at age 19 on 18 June 1864 by a cannon shot in the American Civil War. The Army Medical Museum was founded in 1862 and the resulting Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion, published 1870 to 1888, is one of the great medical documentation projects.
1869 - Pirogoff-Amputation 1. Pirogov amputation, performed by Thomas George Morton (1835-1903). Nikolai Pirogov used plaster casts, triage and women nurses on the Russian side in the Crimean War.
1870 - SP310 Cranium with an Iron Arrow-Head impacted in the left Temporal Bone. Private Martin W____, Troop E, 4th Cavalry, was killed by Indians on September 30, 1870, twenty miles from Fort Concho, Texas, while on duty as one of the mail-stage guard from Fort Chadbourne. The Army Medical Museum was founded in 1862 and the resulting Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion, published 1870 to 1888, is one of the great medical documentation projects.
1870 - A dislocated femur bone: dissection of the thigh, showing the bone and surrounding muscles. Coloured stipple engraving by Debray after Bion, ca. 1870?.
1871 - Franco-Prussian War: in the siege of Paris. a surgeon of the Garde Nationale (formerly a professor at the Ecole de Médecine) meets an army surgeon, who is one of his former students. Coloured transfer. (J. Renard), 1871. In the background are bodies of dead horses and people, and ruined buildings of Paris. War has repeatedly acted as an accelerator and a systematiser of orthopedic practice and a builder of institutions, but the science that made those advances possible was overwhelmingly civilian.
1872 - Einar Key (fourth from left), a Swedish surgeon, in an operating theatre with other surgical staff. Photograph.. (Stockholm 1872-1954) was a surgeon particularly known for the surgical removal of embolisms from peripheral arteries. The operating theatre changed twice in this history, first by anaesthesia which permitted time, and then by asepsis which replaced Lister's carbolic spray.
1872 - Illustration of an artificial arm designed by de Beaufort. Photograph of an illustration of artificial arm with moveable fingers designed by de Beaufort in 19th century. State programmes to supply artificial limbs to veterans, from the American Civil War onward, are a major driver of the prosthetics industry.
1876 - Serbo-Turkish War: English surgeons going with ambulances to the Battle of Alexinatz. Wood engraving, 1876.. 's greatest contribution to this field, and it begins with Larrey's flying ambulances.
1876 - Illustration of Thomas's hip splint on a patient, with patten crutches. Reproduction of an illustration published in Thomas, Hugh Owen: Diseases of the hip, knee, and ankle, joints, with their deformities, treated by a new and efficient method, Liverpool : T. Dobb, 1876. Hugh Owen Thomas designed the splint and published on it in 1875.
1878 - Sculpture, plaster (AM 53811-9). Sculpture, plaster reproduction of classical (antique) Dying Galatian. Bonesetters were unlicensed, frequently hereditary practitioners of manipulation who persisted alongside and in competition with the medical profession into the twentieth century, and in some regions to the present.
1880 - The Sanatorium and grounds, Bournemouth. Photolithograph after an etching.
1880 - Highlands of Brazil Sanatorium, São Paulo: exterior seen from a distance. Photograph.
1881 - St Marylebone Infirmary, Exmoor Street, London: the Prince and Princess of Wales visiting patients in one of the wards. Wood engraving, ca. 1881.. 1879-81 in northern Kensington as no land was available in St Marylebone. Open-air schools, convalescent hospitals, seaside and mountain institutions and long wards of children in frames are social history as much as medical history.
1882 - Splint for knee excision, from Cheyne: Antiseptic Surgery (1882). Splint for knee excision, from Cheyne: Antiseptic Surgery (1882). Drawings reproduced as figures 54 and 55 in Cheyne, W. Watson: Antiseptic surgery : its principles, practice, history and results, London: Smith, Elder, 1882. Joseph Lister published his method in The Lancet in 1867, arguing it through compound fracture, which is an orthopedic problem.
1883 - The Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion. Part III, Volume II. (3rd Surgical volume) (1883). Plate from The Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion. The Army Medical Museum was founded in 1862 and the resulting Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion, published 1870 to 1888, is one of the great medical documentation projects.
1885 - Illustration of Roth's instrument for Pes Equinus, a bunion spring and von Harten's splint for Varus Equinus. Illustrations published in Mayer & Meltzer: Catalogue of surgical instruments and appliances, London : Butler & Tanner, 1885. Splinting and bandaging to immobilise a fracture is attested for at least three thousand years, in Egyptian, Greek, Indian and Chinese practice alike, long before the word orthopaedics existed.
1885 - Illustration of crutches and orthopaedic boots, 1885. Illustration published in Mayer & Meltzer: Catalogue of surgical instruments and appliances, London : Butler & Tanner, 1885. Crutches, calipers and walking supports are the everyday apparatus of orthopedic care and are far more numerous in the visual record than any operation.
1885 - Catalogue of surgical instruments. Arnold and Sons, 1885. Gas and Aether Inhaler (Closeman's), Fig. Long wards of children in frames are the characteristic institutional image of orthopedics for the first two thirds of the twentieth century, when the caseload was polio and skeletal tuberculosis.
1886 - Highlands of Brazil Sanatorium, São Paulo: elevations and plans. Lithograph, 1886.
1888 - Anne Crawford, the film star, visiting Oswestry and Gobowen Orthopaedic Hospital. Sir Robert Jones, Hugh Owen Thomas's nephew and pupil, was the pivotal organiser of British orthopedics. As surgeon-superintendent for the construction of the Manchester Ship Canal from 1888 to 1893 he organised what is widely described as the first comprehensive accident service in the world, a civilian and industrial origin for trauma systems.
1888 - Robert Jones (surgeon). Sir Robert Jones, Hugh Owen Thomas's nephew and pupil, was the pivotal organiser of British orthopedics. As surgeon-superintendent for the construction of the Manchester Ship Canal from 1888 to 1893 he organised what is widely described as the first comprehensive accident service in the world, a civilian and industrial origin for trauma systems.
1888 - Visit of the Duchess of Kent to Gobowen Hospital and to Oswestry School. Sir Robert Jones, Hugh Owen Thomas's nephew and pupil, was the pivotal organiser of British orthopedics. As surgeon-superintendent for the construction of the Manchester Ship Canal from 1888 to 1893 he organised what is widely described as the first comprehensive accident service in the world, a civilian and industrial origin for trauma systems.
1888 - Illustration of a corneal trephine. Photograph of an illustration of a corneal trephine, a surgical instrument used for cutting sections of corneal tissue, introduced by Von Hippel in 1888. Trepanation, the cutting of an opening in the skull, is among the oldest operations for which there is physical evidence, and trepanned skulls with healed margins survive in museum collections worldwide, showing that people lived afterwards.
1888 - Corneal trephine instrument. Photograph of a corneal trephine, a surgical instrument used for cutting sections of corneal tissue, introduced by Von Hippel in 1888. Trepanation, the cutting of an opening in the skull, is among the oldest operations for which there is physical evidence, and trepanned skulls with healed margins survive in museum collections worldwide, showing that people lived afterwards.
1889 - Catalogue of Sharp and Smith - importers, manufacturers, wholesale and retail dealers in surgical instruments, deformity apparatus, artificial limbs, artificial eyes, elastic stockings, trusses, (1478. Catalogue of Sharp and Smith - importers, manufacturers, wholesale and retail dealers in surgical instruments, deformity apparatus, artificial limbs, artificial eyes, elastic stockings, trusses,. Crutches, calipers and walking supports are the everyday apparatus of orthopedic care and are far more numerous in the visual record than any operation.
1890 - Leysin, the village and sanatorium in winter, Canton of Vaud, Switzerland-LCCN2001703351. Forms part of: Views of Switzerland in the Photochrom print collection.; Title from the Detroit Publishing Co., Catalogue J-foreign section, Detroit, Mich. Auguste Rollier at Leysin in Switzerland is the central figure in sun therapy for surgical tuberculosis, from around 1903.
1890 - Leysin, the sanatorium and Chaussy in winter, Canton of Vaud, Switzerland-LCCN2001703352. Print no. "1495".; Title from the Detroit Publishing Co., Catalogue J-foreign section, Detroit, Mich. Auguste Rollier at Leysin in Switzerland is the central figure in sun therapy for surgical tuberculosis, from around 1903.
1890 - Purulia Leper Home and Hospital, Bihar, India: view of large hospital buildings with pillars: the men's hospital and the tuberculosis ward. Photograph, 1890/1920.
1890 - Evolution and disease (1890). Plate from Evolution and disease, 1890 by Bland-Sutton, John, Sir (New York : Scribner & Welford). Osteological atlases and articulated skeletons are the reference against which every deformity and fracture in this archive was read.
1891 - Amputation set, Europe, 1891-1910. Made from nickel and chrome plated steel, this set of surgical instruments includes a large amputation saw, amputation knives and hooks to remove blood clots. Joseph Lister published his method in The Lancet in 1867, arguing it through compound fracture, which is an orthopedic problem.
1893 - Human body, arteries and viscera, Persian, 1893. Anatomical illustration showing the arterial system and viscera. Anatomical atlases established the normal against which skeletal deformity was defined, and the great ones were as much publishing achievements as medical ones.
1895 - Bullet wound. Archives of the Roentgen ray. Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen observed the effect on 8 November 1895 at Wurzburg. One of the earliest plates is the hand of his wife Anna Bertha Ludwig, with her ring visible.
1895 - Layers of tin foil, viewed under x-ray. Photoprint from radiograph by W.K. Röntgen, 1895.. (x-ray photographs) made by the German physicist, Wilhelm Konrad Röntgen (1845-1923). Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen observed the effect on 8 November 1895 at Wurzburg.
1895 - Unloading apparatus with leaden cage, viewed under x-ray. Photoprint from radiograph by W.K. Röntgen, 1895.. 's evidence to prove that x-rays, unlike cathode rays, are not deflected by a magnet The print is from one of the first radiographs (x-ray photographs) made by the German physicist, Wilhelm Konrad Röntgen (1845-1923). Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen observed the effect on 8 November 1895 at Wurzburg.
1895 - A wire wound around a wooden spool, viewed through x-ray. Photoprint from radiograph by W.K. Röntgen, 1895.. (x-ray photographs) made by the German physicist, Wilhelm Konrad Röntgen (1845-1923). Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen observed the effect on 8 November 1895 at Wurzburg.
1895 - Cardiff Sanatorium: a plaque recording its opening in 1895. Photograph, ca. 1895.. 8 August 1895, under the Health and Port Sanitary Committee of Cardiff; architect Wm. Tuberculosis of the spine and joints produced deformity, abscess, paralysis and long confinement.
1895 - Cardiff Sanatorium. Photograph, ca. 1895.. (this catalogue no. 5i) on the verso of the same mount as the present photograph shows a metal plaque giving information about the institution: it is Cardiff Sanatorium, opened on 8 August 1895, under the Health and Port Sanitary Committee of Cardiff; architect Wm. Tuberculosis of the spine and joints produced deformity, abscess, paralysis and long confinement.
1895 - Roentgen Strahlen 2 01. This is a scan of the historical document: Über eine neue Art von Strahlen (II. Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen observed the effect on 8 November 1895 at Wurzburg.
1895 - Groepsportret van vijf jongens rond een rolstoel, RP-F-F21249. Wheeled chairs and invalid carriages are part of the orthopedic and disability record, and they document mobility as it was actually arranged rather than as it was prescribed.
1895-11 - First medical X-ray by Wilhelm Röntgen of his wife Anna Bertha Ludwig's hand - 18951222. Hand mit Ringen (Hand with Rings): a print of one of the first X-rays by Wilhelm Röntgen (1845-1923) of the left hand of his wife Anna Bertha Ludwig. Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen observed the effect on 8 November 1895 at Wurzburg.
1896 - Hopital Laquintini-4993 11. Adoption was near-immediate and specifically for bone. The Vienna newspaper Die Presse carried the discovery on 5 January 1896 and the report already named the surgical application, that a surgeon could determine the extent of a complicated fracture without painful manual examination.
1896 - Diagram of x-ray photography in 1896. Reproduction of a photograph published in Thompson, Edward, P: Roentgen rays and phenomena of the anode and cathode, New York : D. Van Nostrand, 1896. Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen observed the effect on 8 November 1895 at Wurzburg.
1896 - The bones of a hand, with the tip of the index finger missing, viewed through x-ray. Photoprint from radiograph after Sir Arthur Schuster, 1896.. 1896 under the direction of the British physicist, Sir Arthur Schuster (1851-1934). Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen observed the effect on 8 November 1895 at Wurzburg.
1896 - Two hands, viewed through x-ray. Photoprint from radiograph after Sir Arthur Schuster, 1896.. 1896 under the direction of the British physicist, Sir Arthur Schuster (1851-1934). Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen observed the effect on 8 November 1895 at Wurzburg.
1896 - A knee joint, viewed through x-ray. Photoprint from radiograph after Sir Arthur Schuster, 1896.. 1896 under the direction of the British physicist, Sir Arthur Schuster (1851-1934). Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen observed the effect on 8 November 1895 at Wurzburg.
1896 - The bones of a foot, viewed through x-ray. Photoprint from radiograph after Sir Arthur Schuster, 1896.. 1896 under the direction of the British physicist, Sir Arthur Schuster (1851-1934). Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen observed the effect on 8 November 1895 at Wurzburg.
1896 - The bones of a forearm, viewed through x-ray. Photoprint from radiograph after Sir Arthur Schuster, 1896.. 1896 under the direction of the British physicist, Sir Arthur Schuster (1851-1934). Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen observed the effect on 8 November 1895 at Wurzburg.
1896 - The bones of the wrist, viewed through x-ray. Photoprint from radiograph after Sir Arthur Schuster, 1896.. 1896 under the direction of the British physicist, Sir Arthur Schuster (1851-1934). Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen observed the effect on 8 November 1895 at Wurzburg.
1896 - The bones of a hand, viewed through x-ray. Photoprint from radiograph after Sir Arthur Schuster, 1896.. 1896 under the direction of the British physicist, Sir Arthur Schuster (1851-1934). Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen observed the effect on 8 November 1895 at Wurzburg.
1896 - The bones of an elbow joint, viewed through x-ray. Photoprint from radiograph after Sir Arthur Schuster, 1896.. 1896 under the direction of the British physicist, Sir Arthur Schuster (1851-1934). Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen observed the effect on 8 November 1895 at Wurzburg.
1896 - The bones of a hand and wrist, viewed through x-ray. Photoprint from radiograph after Sir Arthur Schuster, 1896.. 1896 under the direction of the British physicist, Sir Arthur Schuster (1851-1934). Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen observed the effect on 8 November 1895 at Wurzburg.
1896 - The bones of the radius and ulna, viewed through x-ray. Photoprint from radiograph after Sir Arthur Schuster, 1896.. 1896 under the direction of the British physicist, Sir Arthur Schuster (1851-1934). Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen observed the effect on 8 November 1895 at Wurzburg.
1896 - The bones in the joint of an elbow, viewed through x-ray. Photoprint from radiograph after Sir Arthur Schuster, 1896.. 1896 under the direction of the British physicist, Sir Arthur Schuster (1851-1934). Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen observed the effect on 8 November 1895 at Wurzburg.
1896 - The bones of the ribs and vertebral column, viewed through x-ray. Photoprint from radiograph after Sir Arthur Schuster, 1896.. 1896 under the direction of the British physicist, Sir Arthur Schuster (1851-1934). Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen observed the effect on 8 November 1895 at Wurzburg.
1896 - Two views showing the new Rachitici institute and the surrounding woodland area of San Michele, Bologna, Italy. Wood engraving after a photograph by A. Belvederi, 1896.. Two views showing the new Rachitici institute and the surrounding woodland area of San Michele, Bologna, Italy. Wood engraving after a photograph. Belvederi, 1896. Rickets, nutritional vitamin D deficiency causing bone deformity, was historically associated with industrial cities, smoke and lack of sunlight and was known in Britain as the English disease. Cod liver oil, the identification of vitamin D and food fortification largely ended it in wealthy countries, and it has returned in some populations.
1896 - Fracture of the lower end of the radius, called "Colles's fracture". Lithograph by Battle & Co.. 19 January 1896, with Edwin Brant Frost making the plate.
1897 - The X Rays (1897). The X Rays, a British film of 1897 held by the BFI National Archive. It was made barely a year after Röntgen's announcement, which is itself evidence of how fast the discovery entered public awareness.
1897 - Two Geissler discharge tubes for experiments on the effects of cathode rays / M0015830: Early x-ray tube with convex cathode, anti-cathode and anode, c.1897. Photograph of two Geissler tubes and an early x-ray tube. Early x-ray tubes were gas tubes of the Crookes type, later displaced by the Coolidge hot-cathode tube.
1897 - Tri-State medical journal and practitioner (1897). Plate from Tri-State medical journal and practitioner, 1897 (St. Louis : (s.n.)). Nineteenth and early twentieth century operative atlases are heavily digitised and are literally instructional documents.
1897 - A sailor setting the broken leg of another sailor after. Bonesetters were unlicensed, frequently hereditary practitioners of manipulation who persisted alongside and in competition with the medical profession into the twentieth century, and in some regions to the present.
1898 - Illustration of medieval surgical instruments from Geschichte der Chirurgie und ihrer Ausübung.... Illustration of medieval surgical instruments from Geschichte der Chirurgie und ihrer Ausübung... Photograph of an illustration from Gurlt, Ernst Julius, Geschichte der Chirurgie und ihrer Ausübung..., Berlin: August Hirschwald, 1898, p.648. Surgical instrument and appliance trade catalogues are a major and under-used visual record of what was actually made and sold, as against what was written about.
1898 - Illustration of Al-Zahrawi's surgical instruments from Geschichte der Chirurgie und ihrer Ausübung.... Illustration of Al-Zahrawi's surgical instruments from Geschichte der Chirurgie und ihrer Ausübung... Photograph of an illustration from Gurlt, Ernst Julius, Geschichte der Chirurgie und ihrer Ausübung..., Berlin: August Hirschwald, 1898, p.648. Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi, latinised Albucasis, of Cordoba, wrote the thirty-volume Kitab al-Tasrif whose final surgical volume was illustrated with drawings of instruments.
1899 - A disabled soldier has his wooden legs stolen by four Irishmen in a bar. Colour lithograph by H.G. Banks, ca. 1899.. "me" spent all their money drinking beer in a pub with an ex-Highland soldier called Patsy Callaghan, who had had his legs shot off from under his kilt when at war. The wooden leg is the commonest prosthesis in the historical visual record, and most surviving images of it are of working people rather than of clinical fittings.
1899 - Boer War: the sanatorium camp used during the siege of Kimberley. Process print after Bennett, 1899.
1900 - X-ray of the hand of a healthy adult, c.1900. One of the earliest X-ray photographs to be made in the UK, from an original plate made by Sidney Rowland in 1896. Fracture and foreign-body localisation need no contrast medium, no injection and little interpretation training, which is why radiography was adopted for bone faster than for anything else.
1900 - Surgeons examining a Mauser bullet in a man's chest via the use of an X-ray. Halftone, 1900, after W. Small.. 5 January 1896 and the report already named the surgical application, that a surgeon could determine the extent of a complicated fracture without painful manual examination.
1900 - Johan Messchaert Julius Röntgen Otto Böhler. Johan Messchaert (1857-1922) Julius Röntgen (1855-1932), silhouette 20 x 26 cm; photo of Böhler´s silhouette printed on thick card. Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen observed the effect on 8 November 1895 at Wurzburg.
1900 - Boer War: wounded soldiers waiting outside a field hospital for examination by the surgeon. Halftone after R. Thiele, c.1900.. 's greatest contribution to this field, and it begins with Larrey's flying ambulances.
1900 - Boer War: wounded Boers are getting off a train, and one is being carried on a stretcher. Watercolour by G. Soper, ca. 1900.. 's greatest contribution to this field, and it begins with Larrey's flying ambulances.
1900 - Boer War: wounded soldiers being lifted off a hospital ship and carried away on stretchers. Halftone, c. 1900, after F. de Haenen after J. Bruton.. 's greatest contribution to this field, and it begins with Larrey's flying ambulances.
1900 - Boer War: an army surgeon at work on a battlefield where many lie injured. Halftone, c. 1900.
1900 - Boer War: a military physician bandages a wounded man in the open air, others watch. Wash drawing with gouache by H.M. Paget after Reinhold Thiele, 1900.
1900 - Boer War: a military physician bandages a wounded man in the open air, others watch. Halftone after H.M. Paget after R. Thiele, 1900.
1900 - Bandaging techniques for use in first aid. Lithograph, ca. 1900.
1900 - The Barber Surgeons' Guild of Newcastle: surgical instruments in a display case bearing the Guild's coat of arms. Photograph, ca. 1900.
1901 - A man sells a woman an artificial leg at national health service prices. Colour photomechanical reproduction of a lithograph by N. Dorville, c. 1901.
1901 - Thomas-type leg splint, Europe, 1901-1920. Originally used for hip diseases, the Thomas-type splint was designed to keep the leg still if it was broken and could be used for single and multiple fractures. Hugh Owen Thomas came from a family of Welsh bonesetters and was trained in that tradition before qualifying medically.
1901 - Copy of a Roman surgical instrument set, Europe, 1901-1932. This replica surgical instrument set contains a probe, a combined probe and scoop and tweezers, which fit into a cylindrical case. Roman surgical instruments survive in quantity, notably from Pompeii and Herculaneum, and they show a level of specialisation that was not matched again in Europe for centuries.
1902 - Apparatus and stretcher for x-ray therapy in 1902. Reproduction of a photograph published in Thompson, Edward, P: Roentgen rays and phenomena of the anode and cathode, New York : D. Van Nostrand, 1896. Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen observed the effect on 8 November 1895 at Wurzburg.
1902 - Holder for X-ray tube, 1902. Reproduction of a photograph of a holder for an x-ray tube coated with many layers of white paint, one of the very few to give some protection from the danger of x-rays to operator and patient. Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen observed the effect on 8 November 1895 at Wurzburg.
1902 - X-ray therapy in 1902: the patient on a couch and a shield round the tube - an unusual precaution at that time. Reproduction of a photograph published in Williams, Francis H: The Roentgen rays in medicine and surgery as an aid in diagnosis and as a therapeutic agent designed for the use of practitioners and students, New York : Macmillan, 1902. Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen observed the effect on 8 November 1895 at Wurzburg.
1902 - Holder for X-ray tube in closed position. Photograph reproduced in Williams, Francis H: The Roentgen rays in medicine and surgery as an aid in diagnosis and as a therapeutic agent designed for the use of practitioners and students, New York : Macmillan, 1902. Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen observed the effect on 8 November 1895 at Wurzburg.
1903 - Diagram made from x-ray of a patient diagnosed with tuberculosis.. 8 November 1895 at Wurzburg.
1903 - The Roentgen rays in medicine and surgery as an aid in diagnosis and as a therapeutic agent; designed for the use of practitioners and students (1903). Plate from The Roentgen rays in medicine and surgery as an aid in diagnosis and as a therapeutic agent; designed for the use of practitioners and students, 1903 by Williams, Francis H. (Francis Henry) (New York : The Macmillan Company London, Macmillan & Co., lt). Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen observed the effect on 8 November 1895 at Wurzburg.
1903 - "Roller Chair approved and adopted as the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Special. T.D Jackson, Concessionaire." (Roller chair used at the 1904 World's Fair). Title: "Roller Chair approved and adopted as the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Special. Polio paralysis was responsible for more orthopedic cases than any other disease or condition of its era.
1904 - Russo-Japanese War: taking wounded men on stretchers off the hospital ship "Kobe Maru". Pen and ink drawing by H. Johnson, 1904.. 's greatest contribution to this field, and it begins with Larrey's flying ambulances.
1904 - Russo-Japanese War: soldiers carrying wounded men on a stretcher. Collotype, c. 1904.. 's greatest contribution to this field, and it begins with Larrey's flying ambulances.
1904 - Russo-Japanese War: soldiers bringing the wounded on foot and stretcher through Kaiping, China. Collotype, c. 1904.. 's greatest contribution to this field, and it begins with Larrey's flying ambulances.
1904 - Russo-Japanese War: the Russian tsar visits an admiral in hospital; the admiral's head appears as a bandaged ship. Coloured woodcut, 1904.. 1904-05 over conflicting claims to sovereignty in parts of east Asia. Splinting and bandaging to immobilise a fracture is attested for at least three thousand years, in Egyptian, Greek, Indian and Chinese practice alike, long before the word orthopaedics existed.
1904 - Russo-Japanese War: rows of women in a large warehouse making bandages for the wounded Japanese. Pen and ink drawing, 1904.
1905 - A girl with tuberculosis appealing for funds for a sanatorium for tuberculous children in Zürich. Colour lithograph after H.C. Ulrich, 1905.
1905 - The life of Florence Nightingale (1905). Plate from The life of Florence Nightingale, 1905 by Tooley, Sarah. Southall (New York : The Macmillan Company London : S. H. Bousfield & ). Florence Nightingale brought sanitation and statistics to military medicine in the Crimean War, including her polar area diagrams.
1905 - Johannesburg Hospital, South Africa: man in heavy apron, face mask and glove, possibly holding x-ray plate, standing aside seated male. Photograph, c. 1905.. 5 January 1896 and the report already named the surgical application, that a surgeon could determine the extent of a complicated fracture without painful manual examination.
1905 - The Japanese army surgeon in his element : first aid to the wounded in the Manchurian battlefield / Photo-Nouvelles Agency.. (12 August 1905?) showing workers from "the Japanese Army Surgical Department at a first-aid station in the field, where surgeons are doing what they can... War has repeatedly acted as an accelerator and a systematiser of orthopedic practice and a builder of institutions, but the science that made those advances possible was overwhelmingly civilian.
1905 - Johannesburg Hospital, South Africa: hospital ward with male patients, many with bandaged heads. Photograph, c. 1905.
1906 - Charing Cross Hospital: a portrait of house surgeons. Photograph, 1906.
1906 - Holloway Sanatorium, Virginia Water, Surrey: aerial view showing the new male wing. Photolithograph, 1906.
1906 - Caricatured men of various sizes are sitting on chairs watch. Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen observed the effect on 8 November 1895 at Wurzburg. One of the earliest plates is the hand of his wife Anna Bertha Ludwig, with her ring visible.
1906 - Medicina Árabe I (c. 1906) - Veloso Salgado (Sala dos Actos, FCM-UNL). "Arabic Medicine" (c. 1906), by Veloso Salgado. Orthopedic surgery is consistently reported as the least gender-diverse of the major surgical specialties in the United States and United Kingdom.
1907 - The Ceratopsia (1907). Plate from The Ceratopsia Identifier: ceratopsia00hatc (find matches), 1907 by Hatcher, J. B. (John Bell); Lull, Richard Swann; Osborn, Henry Fairfield; Marsh, Othniel Charles (Washington, Govt. The modern prosthetics story is heavily marketed and heavily inspirational in tone.
1907 - King Edward VII Sanatorium, Midhurst, Sussex: nurses and medical staff (?) about to dine. Photograph, 1907.
1907 - A practical treatise on fractures and dislocations (1907). Plate from A practical treatise on fractures and dislocations, 1907 by Stimson, Lewis Atterbury (New York Philadelphia : Lea brothers :). Adoption was near-immediate and specifically for bone.
1908 - Queen Alexandra's Hospital for Children with Hip Disease, Queen Square, Holborn: the interior of a ward, with a teacher giving a gymnastics lesson. Photogravure after A. Forestier, 1908.. Queen Alexandra's Hospital for Children with Hip Disease, Queen Square, Holborn: the interior of a ward, with a teacher giving a gymnastics lesson. Photogravure after. Forestier, 1908. This scene is presumably in the hospital building in Queen Square, built 1899, disused by 1952 (Pevsner). Long wards of children in frames are the characteristic institutional image of orthopedics for the first two thirds of the twentieth century, when the caseload was polio and skeletal tuberculosis.
1910 - St Marylebone Infirmary, London: ward with nurses and patients. Photograph, 1910.
1910 - Mount Alto Sanatorium: the infirmary, Franklin County, Pennsylvania. Photographic postcard, ca. 1910.
1910 - The illustrated London news, no. 3720, vol. CXXXVII Saturday, August 6, 1910 : The cabinet that saves the operator from the evils of x-rays: the King looking at a patient under the x-rays at the Londo. / drawn by S. Begg. Cover of the Illustrated London news for 6 August 1910 showing King George V visiting the London Hospital, viewing a radiotherapy session behind leaded glass - following the deaths of Dr. F. S. Pepperdene and Mr. Cox. Adoption was near-immediate and specifically for bone.
1910 - X-ray tube suitable for treatment or radiograph with light currents. Photograph of an x-ray tube inscribed "Cox's Record Regulating tube", from c.1910. Early x-ray tubes were gas tubes of the Crookes type, later displaced by the Coolidge hot-cathode tube.
1910 - Living anatomy and pathology; (1910). Plate from Living anatomy and pathology;, 1910 by Rotch, Thomas Morgan (Philadelphia London, J. B. Lippincott company). Long wards of children in frames are the characteristic institutional image of orthopedics for the first two thirds of the twentieth century, when the caseload was polio and skeletal tuberculosis.
1910 - World War I: two men carrying a stretcher among the trenches in France. Wash drawing by D. Lindsay, ca. 191-.. 's greatest contribution to this field, and it begins with Larrey's flying ambulances.
1910 - Bulletin of the Warren Anatomical Museum (1910). Plate from Bulletin of the Warren Anatomical Museum, 1910 by Harvard Medical School Whitney, William F (Boston : (Harvard Medical School)). Anatomical atlases established the normal against which skeletal deformity was defined, and the great ones were as much publishing achievements as medical ones.

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